Solute mass concentration

Ms is the solute molecular weight and Cs is the solute mass concentration... 

Introduced into the analysis of the procedure is the concept of a partition coefficient cr that characterizes the probability of gel accessibility to a molecule. It is defined as the ratio of the solute mass concentration inside the gel to that outside ... 

The process shown in Figure 5.64 is a continuous stirred mixing tank used to produce Fg L/min of brine solution of mass concentration C g g/liter. The raw materials are fresh water, supplied at a flow rate of Fy, L/min, and a highly concentrated brine solution (mass concentration Cjjf g/L) supplied at a flow rate of Fgf L/min. The volume of the material in the tank is V L, the liquid level in the tank is h m, and the tank s cross-sectional area (m ) is assumed to be constant. 

At all channel wall surfaces, the no-slip boundary condition is applied to the velocity field (the Navier-Stokes equation), the fixed zeta-potential boundary condition is imposed on the EDL potential field (the Poisson-Boltzmann equation), and the insulation boundary condition is assigned to the applied electric field (the Laplace equation), and the no-mass penetration condition is specified for the solute mass concentration field (the mass transport equation). In addition, the third-kind boundary condition (i. e., the natural convection heat transfer with the surrounding air) is applied to the temperature field at all the outside surfaces of the fabricated channels to simultaneously solve the energy equation for the buffer solution together with the conjugated heat conduction equation for the channel wall. 

The decrease in solute mass concentration Apt (= Mj) along an MSMPR crystallizer depends on a number of quantities, as one can see from relations (6.4.18) and (6.4.25). If the extent of supersaturation in product stream 1 is not exhausted, the system is identified as a class I system with a nonhigh yield. For class II systems, the supersaturation is... 

Correspondingly, the inert solute-free solid adsorbent fiow rate is n/ and the solute mass concentration ratio in the adsorbent is... 

If (j) is expressed in solute mass concentration, the following relationship is used ... 

A stock solution is prepared by weighing out an appropriate portion of a pure solid or by measuring out an appropriate volume of a pure liquid and diluting to a known volume. Exactly how this is done depends on the required concentration units. For example, to prepare a solution with a desired molarity you would weigh out an appropriate mass of the reagent, dissolve it in a portion of solvent, and bring to the desired volume. To prepare a solution where the solute s concentration is given as a volume percent, you would measure out an appropriate volume of solute and add sufficient solvent to obtain the desired total volume. 

The purified gum hydrates slowly in water to give viscous solutions at concentrations up to 1% and clear gelatinous masses at higher concentrations. PsyUium seed gum is a laxative additive and is used in cosmetics and in hair-setting lotions. 

Polymer solutions are often characterized by their high viscosities compared to solutions of nonpolymeric solutes at similar mass concentrations. This is due to the mechanical entanglements formed between polymer chains. In fact, where entanglements dominate flow, the (zero-shear) viscosity of polymer melts and solutions varies with the 3.4 power of weight-average molecular weight. 

In HOPC, a concentrated solution of polymer is injected. The concentration needs to be sufficiently higher than the overlap concentration c at which congestion of polymer chains occurs. The c is approximately equal to the reciprocal of the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer. In terms of mass concentration, c is quite low. For monodisperse polystyrene, c is given as (4)... 

For example, at MW = 4 X 10, c = 12 g/liter, and at MW = 5 X 10, c " = 62 g/liter. A polymer solution with concentration c > c is called a semidilute solution because mass concentration is low yet repulsive interactions between solutes are strong. Thermodynamics, viscoelasticity, and diffusion properties of semidilute polymer solutions have been studied extensively since the 1960s. 

To a solution of l-(4-methoxyphenyl)-biguanide (2.07 g, 10 mmol) and l-(4-methoxyphenyl)-biguanide hydrochloride (0.2 g, 1 mmol) in EtOH (50 mL) was added 1-benzoylacetone (1.62 g, 10 mmol) and the solution was heated under reflux for 10 h. After the solution was concentrated, the oily residue was poured into H20 and repeatedly washed with H20. The resulting solidified mass was collected by filtration and dissolved in EtOH by heating. After standing overnight at rt, a mixture of needles and prisms was isolated yield 1.5 g (45%). The mixture was dissolved in a suitable amount of EtOH by heating and, after 2 h at rt, the deposited, needles were collected by filtration mp 166 C. The needles were dissolved in a suitable amount of EtOH and the solution was left to stand at rt for a couple of days. The deposited prisms were collected by filtration mp 166°C. 

The heat absorbed when unit mass of solute is dissolved in an infinite amount of solvent is the differential heat of solution for zero concentration, Lo, and this is evidently equal to the integral heat of solution for concentration s plus the integral heat of dilution for concentration s ... 

As can be seen in Table 6.5, ONB in APG solution of concentration C = 100 ppm took place at significantly higher surface temperatures. It should be noted that the ONB in surfactant solutions may not be solely associated with static surface tension Sher and Hetsroni (2002). Other parameters such as heat flux, mass flux, kind of surfactant, surface materials, surface treatments, surface roughness, dynamic surface tension and contact angle need to be considered as well. 

What mass of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate is required to prepare 250. mL of aqueous solution whose concentration is 0.255 M ... 

The development of the theory of solute diffusion in soils was largely due to the work of Nye and his coworkers in the late sixties and early seventies, culminating in their essential reference work (5). They adapted the Fickian diffusion equations to describe diffusion in a heterogeneous porous medium. Pick s law describes the relationship between the flux of a solute (mass per unit surface area per unit time, Ji) and the concentration gradient driving the flux. In vector terms. 

In a previous paper [24] the viscoelastic properties of polyacrylamide homopolymers in solution were discussed in dependence on molar mass, concentration, solvent quality and shear rate. Considering these data a simple equation was developed for the r 0-M-c relationship. 

The range of semi-dilute network solutions is characterised by (1) polymer-polymer interactions which lead to a coil shrinkage (2) each blob acts as individual unit with both hydrodynamic and excluded volume effects and (3) for blobs in the same chain all interactions are screened out (the word blob denotes the portion of chain between two entanglements points). In this concentration range the flow characteristics and therefore also the relaxation time behaviour are not solely governed by the molar mass of the sample and its concentration, but also by the thermodynamic quality of the solvent. This leads to a shift factor, hm°d, is a function of the molar mass, concentration and solvent power. 

Up to 100 vortices can be observed at one time, dependent on molar mass, concentration and shear rate. The vortices are seen to rotate about their own axis at the same time moving in the direction of shear. Vortices were seen up to the highest achievable shear rate g=1000 s-1. Decreasing or increasing the shear rate has little or no influence on the generation of vortices. They appear or disappear in a few seconds. The vortices are not caused by air or vapour bubbles. Vortices were also observed in a solution to which a surfactant had been added, and the onset... 

Viscoelastic properties have been discussed in relation to molar mass, concentration, solvent quality and shear rate. Considering the molecular models presented here, it is possible to describe the flow characteristics of dilute and semi-dilute solutions, as well as in simple shear flow, independent of the molar mass, concentration and thermodynamic quality of the solvent. The derivations can be extended to finite shear, i.e. it is possible to evaluate T) as a function of the shear rate. Furthermore it is now possible to approximate the critical conditions (critical shear rate, critical rate of elongation) at which the onset of mechanical degradation occurs. With these findings it is therefore possible to tune the flow features of a polymeric solution so that it exhibits the desired behaviour under the respective deposit conditions. 

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