Solids deformulation

Gooch [4] has reported general deformulation schemes for solid paints and coatings, liquid paints, solid plastics, liquid plastic specimens, solid and liquid adhesives, in which preliminary examination (by OM, SEM, EDXRA) is followed by separation of the individual components and their subsequent identification (Scheme 2.9). Gooch employs different deformulation schemes for solid and liquid specimens, but essentially identical approaches for plastics, paints, adhesives and inks (Scheme 2.10). 

Scheme 2.10 Scheme for deformulation of solid plastic specimens. After Gooch [4]. Reproduced from J.W. Gooch, Analysis and Deformulation of Polymeric Materials, Paints, Plastics, Adhesives and Intes, Plenum Press, New York, NY (1997), by permission of Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers... 

Applications A limited number of papers refer to the use of AAS in relation to polymer/additive deformulation. Elemental analysis of polymers and rubbers by AAS may be carried out after dissolution in an organic solvent (Table 8.21), after oxidative wet digestion (Table 8.12), after dry ashing (Table 8.22) or directly in the solid state (Table 8.23). 

PyGC-MS permits direct deformulation of solid polymer/additive matrices, independently of cross-linking, filler or pigmentation type. The technique allows the determination of the composition of polymer and additives. Liebmann et al. [783] used... 

As an alternative to wet ehemical routes of analysis, this monograph deals mainly with the direct deformulation of solid polymer/additive compounds. In Chapter 1 in-polymer spectroscopic analysis of additives by means of UV/VIS, FTIR, near-IR, Raman, fluorescence spectroseopy, high-resolution solid-state NMR, ESR, Mossbauer and dielectrie resonance spectroscopy is considered with a wide coverage of experimental data. Chapter 2 deals mainly with thermal extraction (as opposed to solvent extraction) of additives and volatiles from polymerie material by means of (hyphenated) thermal analysis, pyrolysis and thermal desorption techniques. Use and applieations of various laser-based techniques (ablation, spectroscopy, desorption/ionisation and pyrolysis) to polymer/additive analysis are described in Chapter 3 and are critically evaluated. Chapter 4 gives particular emphasis to the determination of additives on polymeric surfaces. The classical methods of... 

Gooch JW (1988) Development of high solids magnetic dispersions and coatings. J Coating Tech 60(757) 37—44 Gooch JW (1993) Lead based paint handbook. Plenum, New York Gooch JW (1997) Analysis and deformulation of polymeric materials. Plenum, New York... 

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