Solid wedge

The Champ-Sons model has been developed to quantitatively predict the field radiated by water- or solid wedge- eoupled transdueers into solids. It is required to deal with interfaces of complex geometry, arbitrary transducers and arbitrary excitation pulses. It aims at computing the time-dependent waveform of various acoustical quantities (displacement, velocity, traction, velocity potential) radiated at a (possibly large) number of field-points inside a solid medium. 

Methane is a tetrahedral molecule its four hydrogens occupy the corners of a tetra hedron with carbon at its center We often show three dimensionality m structural for mulas by using a solid wedge ) to depict a bond projecting from the paper toward you and a dashed wedge (i 111 ) for one receding away from you A simple line (—)... 

When shearing high-velocity flow of dense fluids, the gate assemblies shake violently, and for this seiwice solid-wedge or flexible-... 

Globe Angle Solid wedge wedge check, Aigle... 

Solid wedge and double disk A and B Solid wedge A and B Double disk A and B Solid wedge A and B Double disk A and B short pattern J B Regular D and E short pattern E... 

Solid wedge A and B Double disk A and B Short pattern J B ... 

Fischer projection formulas can be used to represent molecules with several stereogenic centers and are commonly used for caibohydrates. For other types of structures, a more common practice is to draw the molecule in an extended conformation witii the main chain horizontal. In this arrangement, each tetrahedral caibon has two additional substituents, one facing out and one in. The orientation is specified widi solid wedged bonds for substituents facing out and with dashed bonds for substituents that point in. 

Draw a molecule of chloroform, CI-ICI3, using solid, wedged, and dashed lines to show its tetrahedral geometry. 

Draw a three-dimensional representation of the oxygen-bearing carbon atom in ethanol, CH3CH2OH, using the standard convention of solid, wedged, and dashed lines. 

A note on good practice Dashed and solid wedge-shaped bonds are commonly used when displaying organic structures to convey a sense of the three-dimensional shapes. The dashed wedge-shaped bonds go into the page and the solid wedge-shaped bonds come toward us. The thin lines are in the plane of the paper. 

Chemists use a variation on the ball-and-stick model to depict more clearly the three-dimensional character of molecules, as shown for methane in Figure 9-1 Icf. The central carbon atom is placed in the plane of the paper, hi these models, solid lines represent bonds lying in the plane of the paper, solid wedges represent bonds that protmde outward from the plane of the paper, and dashed wedges represent bonds extending backward, behind the plane. 

Figure 1.19 The structure and bond angles of ethene. The plane of the atoms is perpendicular to the paper. The dashed edge bonds project behind the plane of the paper, and the solid wedge bonds project in front of the paper.

Figure 13.4 Flight damage due to solids wedging at the end of the transition section...

As you have already learnt In Section 12.3.2 of Class XI, the solid wedge represents the bond eomlng out of the paper, dashed line going down the paper and a straight line representing bond in the plane of the paper. 

FIGURE 3-3 Stereoisomerism in n-amino acids, (a) The two stereoisomers of alanine, l- and o-alanine, are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other (enantiomers), (b, c) Two different conventions for showing the configurations in space of stereoisomers. In perspective formulas (b) the solid wedge-shaped bonds project out of the plane of the paper, the dashed bonds behind it. In projection formulas (c) the horizontal bonds are assumed to project out of the plane of the paper, the vertical bonds behind. However, projection formulas are often used casually and are not always intended to portray a specific stereochemical configuration. 

FIGURE 7-2 Three ways to represent the two stereoisomers of glyc-eraldehyde. The stereoisomers are mirror images of each other. Ball-and-stick models show the actual configuration of molecules. By convention, in Fischer projection formulas, horizontal bonds project out of the plane of the paper, toward the reader vertical bonds project behind the plane of the paper, away from the reader. Recall (see Fig. 1-17) that in perspective formulas, solid wedge-shaped bonds point toward the reader, dashed wedges point away. 

Conjugate acids and bases are related by the gain or loss of one proton. In these structures, a solid wedge is a bond coming out of the plane of the page and a dashed wedge is a bond to an atom behind the page. 

Draw in three dimensions, with solid, wedged, and dashed bonds, the tetrahedral bonding around sp3-hybridized carbon atoms. 

Stereochemical configuration is shown with the use of solid wedge and hashed lines. There are some general rules used in CCD to avoid ambiguity ... 

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