Solid tumors, treatment

We applied the similar strategy for ultrasensitive quantification of a clinically important anticancer drug, paclitaxel. Although conventional high-dose therapeutic regiments of paclitaxel has been widely used for solid tumors treatment, severe side effects and acquired drug resistance are becoming major issue in clinical. Numerous... 

Following the results of these two pivotal studies, trastuzumab was approved by the FDA in 1998, the first mAh approved for solid tumor treatment. Its indicated use is in patients with metastatic breast cancer whose tumors overexpress HER2, either as a single agent for patients previously treated with chemotherapy or in combination with paclitaxel as first-line therapy. Thorough baseline cardiac assessment and extreme caution in patient with preexisting cardiac dysfunction is recommended. 

Esser, A.T., Smith, K.C., Gowiishankar, T.R., Weaver, J.C., 2007. Towards solid tumor treatment hy irreversible electroporation intrinsic redistribution of fields and currents in tissue. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat 6, 261—274. Etter, H.S., Pudenz, R.H., Gersh, I., 1947. The effects of diathermy on tissues contiguous to implanted surgical materials. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 28, 333—344. 

Bendamustine is a useful antineoplastic drug for the treatment of non-Hodgkin s lymphomas, multiple myeloma and as a partner drug in the combination therapy of some solid tumors. The cross-resistance with other alkylating drugs is not complete. Myelosuppression and lymphocytopenia is its main dose-limiting toxicity. 

Cancer treatment is a multimodality treatment, i.e., surgery is combined with radiotherapy and antineoplastic chemotherapy. The latter treatment mode is used mainly for cancers which have disseminated. Different forms of cancer differ in their sensitivity to chemotherapy with antineoplastic agents. The most responsive include lymphomas, leukemias, choriocarcinoma and testicular carcinoma, while solid tumors such as colorectal, pancreatic and squamous cell bronchial carcinomas generally show a poor response. The clinical use of antineoplastic agents is characterized by the following principles. 

One commonly used agent is the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which is frequently used as an adjuvant therapy in conjunction with surgical excision in the treatment of solid tumors. p53 can directly trigger apoptosis in cells exposed to 5-FU in vitro [1]. In addition, there is a substantial amount of clinical... 

TNF was originally identified because of its cytotoxic activity against some tumor cell lines and its ability to induce hemorrhagic necrosis of solid tumors in various animal models. However, the clinical use of TNF as an anticancer drug has been so far limited by its severe cardiovascular side effects. Therefore, TNF treatment is limited to regional and local administration of high doses of TNF, often in combination with chemotherapy, as accomplished in isolated limb and isolated hepatic perfusion (ILP and IHP, respectively) [5]. In the case of ILP, typically metastases are treated, patients benefit from this procedure by salvage of limbs from a loss by amputation. 

Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000 92(3) 205-216. 

The DNA forms stable complexes with doxorubicin (Adriamycin, ADR) and daunorubicin (DNR). Doxorubicin and DNR, although structurally similar, show distinctly different properties ADR is more toxic and active than DNR in the treatment of various human solid tumors the apparent binding affinity of ADR to DNA is about 1.8 times higher than that of DNR to DNA. Trouet et al. [229] found the ADR-DNA complex to be more active than ADR, DNR, or DNR-DNA in subcutaneously inoculated leukemic mice, whereas the DNR-DNA complex showed the highest... 

Since the late 1940s, when Farber treated leukemia with methotrexate, cancer therapy with cytotoxic drugs made enormous progress. Chemotherapy is usually integrated with other treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, and it is clear that postsurgery, it is effective with solid tumors. This is due to the fact that only systemic therapy can attack micrometastases. 

In phase I clinical trials 47 patients, all of whom had previously failed standard treatments for solid tumors, received the drug in the UK, Italy, and Switzerland on three different schedules.123,124 Dose-limiting toxicities have been defined as bone marrow depression and diarrhea. The latter is treatable with loperamide. Signs of biological activity were seen. Notably one patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer showed a partial response (for 4 months) and two further patients, one with metastatic melanoma and one with bronchoalveolar carcinoma, also showed partial responses. In a phase I trial in combination with 5-FU, a partial response in breast cancer was observed.125 Furthermore, a reduction in tumor marker levels was observed in two patients, one with ovarian cancer, and one with colon cancer. Phase II studies have shown partial responses in cisplatin-resistant ovarian and nonsmall-cell lung cancer.126,127 The indications are that the profile of clinical activity is different and complementary to the mononuclear platinum agents. 

Sava, G. Alessio, E. Bergamo, A. Mestroni, G. Sulfoxide Ruthenium Complexes Non Toxic Tools for the Selective Treatment of Solid Tumor Metastases In Metallopharmaceuticals l DNA Interactions, Clarke, M. J. and Sadler, P. J., Ed. Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1999 Vol.l, pp 143-170. 

Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are the most common type of solid tumors in adult women, clinically apparent in at least 25% of those of reproductive age [24-26]. Abnormal menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility are the most commonly experienced symptoms in these women. Uterine fibroids are the leading cause of hysterectomies performed in the United States, accounting for over 200,000 of these procedures each year. Other invasive surgical interventions for the treatment of uterine fibroids include myomectomy and uterine artery embolization. Leiomyomas are estrogen-responsive tumors that can be treated... 

In some related experiments,9 they concluded that ECT did not show any promise in the treatment of leukemia in mice induced by intraperitoneal L1210 tumor tissue implant in other words, ECT is useful for solid tumors only. 

David and coworkers (Canada) investigated the effect of ECT on amelanotic melanoma (Tl-4) solid tumors in hamsters.75 The treatment consisted of a passage of currents from 0.1 to 2.4 mA, for lh/day for live consecutive days. Treated tumors decreased in mass (as a percentage of controls) to 89% at 0.1 mA and to 2% at... 

In this chapter we show that topi inhibitors with apparently similar cytotoxic profile could have a specific effect of cell cycle, distinguishing the activity of classical camptothecin, such as irinotecan and SN-38, active specifically on the S phase by edotecarin active as tight binder on topi and without cell cycle specificity. The use of cytometry of solid tumors from xenograft made it possible to provide support to immunohistochemical analysis during the study of biomarkers, comparing cell cycle effects to topi modulation after treatment. 

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