Solid-templating

Graphite and carbon fibers have been used at templates. Thus, nylon 6 has been polymerized on a graphite matrix. Such syntheses of polymers in the presence of a solid template, where the solid acts as a template have been described as polymerization-induced epitaxy (PIE). The monomer and resulting film is adsorbed on the template surface through only van der Waals forces. After polymerization, the polymer is washed from the template. The recovered polymer retains special structural features introduced by the template. 

Synthesis of polymeric capsules involves polymer self-assembly on many levels and length scales. Approaches to their synthesis include cases where monomers are polymerized around a liquid template, premade polymers are assembled around liquid and solid templates, premade particles are assembled around templates, and small molecules or polymers assemble spontaneously. Each method offers unique challenges and advantages, and each allows the production of capsules with different properties. 

Solid-templated encapsulation A solid or gel bead replaces the liquid droplet as the template. This typically includes colloidal templating, and it is not as widespread for hollow capsules because the sohd template must be broken down and removed without harming the shell. 

We can think of the previous methods for generating capsules as liquid templating, where self-assembly occurs around a hquid. An alternative is to use a solid template, usually called colloidal templating. The shell is generated around a solid particle that is later digested, leaving a hollow sphere (Caruso 2000). Deposition of... 

Solid templating from a continuous pore system... 

Ha, C., Ryu, J., and Park, C. B. 2007. Metal ions differentially influence the aggregation and deposition of Alzheimer s beta-amyloid on a solid template. Biochemistry 46, 6118-6125. 

In another procedure, carbon nanotubes were used as templates for the deposition of V2O5 nanotubes the solid template was subsequently removed by burning the sample in air at 650 °C [64]. This strategy can easily be adopted for the synthesis of different oxide nanotubes, as shown in the following section. 

For many oxides, including mixed metal oxides, of catalytic interest, preparing a high-surface-area solid with thermally stable porous structure was extremely difficult until recentiy. The hard templating procedure provides a systematic solution to this problem. Nanocasting that makes use of a mesostructured solid template is a special case. Both mesostructured silica and mesostructured carbon have been demonstrated so fer as hard templates. Rather precise replicas of these nanomolds have been obtained for a variety of oxide-type perovskites. Unprecedented specific surface areas in the 150-200 m /g were reached. 

Unfortunately, there seems to be no indication in this (and, for that matter, in many related research) paper as to methods of isolating ponderable quantities of either poly(vinylimidazole) or of the solid template complex. 

FIGURE 15.7 Out-of-plane circular substrate distention systems apply radial strain (linearly decreasing with respect to the center) by (a) physical displacement with a solid template, (b) downward displacement with applied vacuum, or (c) upward displacement with a positive pressure fluid flow. 

The difference in standart potentials of two metals or solid template can induce or promote the reduction process. This is the case with HAUCI4 and silver nanorod template. Gold nanoshells have been synthesized by reacting aqueous HAuCb solutions with solid templates (silver nanorods), because the standard reduction potential of AuCU Au pair (0.99V, vs. SHE) is higher than that of kgikg pair (0.80V, vs. SHE), silver nanostructures suspended in solution can be oxidized by HAuCU according to the following replacement reaction... 

Polymer/Carbon Architectures Fabricated Using Solid Templates... 

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