Solid-state, generally chemistry

Seven contributions covering aspects of transition metal cluster chemistry and one concerning group-14 element clusters constitute this chapter on solid-state cluster chemistry. The general topics discussed are the structures of the cluster compounds and the electronic bonding schemes used to describe them. The importance of the bridges between the molecular units which form the solid-state cluster structures should be emphasized because of the general treatments of the electronic structures by use of modified molecular orbital calculations that are based on discrete cluster units. 

Although the literature contains a very large number of research articles concerned with the kinetics and mechanisms of reactions involving solids, there are comparatively few authoritative, critical and comprehensive reviews of the formidable quantity of information which is available. Probably the most important general account of the field is the book Chemistry of the Solid State, edited by Gamer [63]. Chapters 7—9 are particularly relevant in the present context as they provide a systematic exposition of the kinetic equations applicable to the decomposition of single solids (Jacobs and Tompkins [28]) and their application to endothermic [64] and exothermic [65] reactions. 

John D. Corbett once said There are many wonders still to be discovered [4]. This certainly holds generally for all the different areas and niches of early transition cluster chemistry and especially for the mixed-hahde systems. The results reported above so far cover a very Hmited selection of only chloride/iodide systems and basically boron as the interstitial. Because of the very sensitive dependence of the stable stracture built in the soHd-state reaction type on parameters like optimal bonding electron counts, number of cations present, size and type of cations (bonding requirements for the cations), metal/halide ratio, and type of halide, a much larger mixed-hahde cluster chemistry can be expected. Further developments, also in mixed-hahde systems, can be expected by using solution chemistry of molecular clusters, excised from solid-state precursors. 

G. Brouwer, "A General As mimetiic Solution of Reaction Equations Common in Solid State Chemistry", Philips Res. Rept., 9, 366-376 (1954)... 

To make the connection between chemistry and engineering more immediate, we have developed, with support from Rensselaer s administration, the General Electric Foundation, and NSF, a two-semester freshman course that emphasizes solid-state chemistry and materials science and that is now taken by all of our engineering freshmen. The course is cotaught by faculty from the chemistry and materials engineering departments, and is in the truest sense a cooperative venture. Here we briefly summarize our motivations for moving in this direction and outline the course as it is now constituted. 

The chemistry of quinone dyes has been discussed in a series of books entitled The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, edited by Venkataraman.1 The general chemistry of quinoid compounds has been discussed by Patai.2 There have been many books that cover quinoid compounds as dyes and pigments but very few discuss the chemistry of the corresponding leuco dyes. Traditional vat dyes are applied to cellulosic fiber in the leuco form. The chemistry of the leuco form of vat dyes is rather simple. Some leuco quinones are quite stable in the solid state and can be stored for a year. Other leuco dyes are unstable in solution and gradually undergo aerial oxidation. 

This article is an attempt at evaluating new important features of tin(II) chemistry the central point is the interrelationship between molecular structure and reactivity of molecular tin(II) compounds. To define these compounds more closely, only those are discussed which are stable, monomeric in solvents and which may be classified as carbene analogs21. Thus, not a complete survey of tin(II) chemistry is given but stress is laid on the structures and reactions of selected compounds. A general introduction to the subject precedes the main chapters. For comparison, also solid-state tin(II) chemistry is included to demonstrate the great resemblance with molecular tin(II) chemistry. Tin(II) compounds, which are either generated as intermediates or only under definite conditions such as temperature or pressure, are not described in detail. 

Values compiled from C Kittel (1986). Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th ed,p. 371 Wiley, New York L. Pauling (1970). General Chemistry, 3rd ed., p. ... 

---