Solid slate electronics

D. Woolard, W. Zhang, and B. Gelmont, A Novel Interband-Resonant-Tunneling-Diode (I-RTD) Based High-Frequency Oscillator, Solid Slate Electronics 49, 257-266 (2005). 

Gas Phase to Solid Slate Evolution of the Electronic aiul Optical Properties... 

Luminescence from the solid slate is strongly subject to packing effects. Some arc related to molecular conformation, some result from electronic interactions be-... 

Before examining these electronic effects, wc should delve a little more deeply into the theory and terminology of solid slate chemistry lhan was done on pages 269-272. Specifically, if there is an infinite array of identical orbitals (say H l.v) represented by < . related by translational symmetry and spaced at... 

As early as 1982, a diode laser-pumped miniature NdtYAG laser with a linewidlh of less lhan 10 kHz. was demonstrated. The research in this area continued apace at Stanford University and by a numher of commercial electronics limis. w ith emphasis placed on ihe development of three-level lasers. Q-switched and mode-locked operation, single-frequency operation (monolithic nonplanar ring oscillator), visible radiation by harmonic generation, and array-pumped solid-slate lasers. See Fig. ft. 

A new class of lasers, so called vibrionic solid state lasers, can emit—in contrast to mher solid slate lasers—a comparatively broad range of wavelengths. The lower level in these lasers is a band of energy levels that is caused by interaction between the electron motion and lattice vibrations. With ihe help of Ihe usual tools (filters, ctalons etc.) a narrow and tunable frequency bandwidth is selected for the laser output. The most popular materials arc Ti-sapphire. i.e.. titanium doped Al-Oi with output range from hOO to 118(1 nm and Alexandria. i.e.. chromium doped BeAFOi lasing between about 700 and 825 nm. 

Kuerti J, Kuzmany H (1987) Springer Series Solid Slate Sciences 76 43. In Kuzmany H, Mehring M, Roth S (eds) Electronic Properties of Polymers. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York London... 

A last example to be discussed in this section is particularly instructive from a structural point of view. In the case where the two substituents in the 1,1 position are (4-methylthio-phenyl)-2- -ethenyl, the corresponding ferrocene derivative (see Fig. 8-17) still acts as a donor and forms a 1 2 CT complex with TCNQ, but the degree of electron transfer is very weak [65]. This material is non-conducting (<7rt of pressed pellets < 10" S cm" ), shows very weak signals in both ESR spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements, and displays a CN stretching frequency typical for neutral TCNQ. As illustrated in Fig. 8-17, the solid slate structure of this CT complex is characterized by DA2 stacks, whereby the donor in the DA2 unit assumes an antiperiplanar conformation, thus being able to accomodate the... 

ZJcbarth. R. P. Corbett. J. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1989. 22. 256-262. Rogcl. F. Zhang. J. Payne. M. W. Corbett. J. D. In Electron Transfer in Biology and the Solid Slate lnor)tanic Compounds with Unusual Properties. Johnson. M. K.. Ed. Advances in Chemistry 226 . American Chemical Society Washington. DC. 1990 pp 369-389. 

Figure 6.30. Enhancement of the proton NMR signal amplitude (P/P -l) is shown as a ftinction of microwave frequency as taken by the dynamic nuclear polarization experiments, where P and / are the signal amplitude with and without microwave pumping, respectively [143,146,173,174], The Overhauser effect (OE) typical to the mobile spins makes a shaip peak at the Lannor frequency cve of the electron spin but the Solid State Effect (SSE) shows two extrema separated by o from (O charactcrictic with the fixed paramagnetic spins [8], The solid curves are a guide for the eye. (a). t a is-(CH), (A//pp 0.8 G) and , trs-rich (CH)> (Affpp 7.8 G) 1174]. (b) The temperature dependence of the peak-ratio in //ww-(CH), 173], y/x = 0 means pure Overhauser enhancement and y/x— 1, the solid slate effect [173]. Note the change from the mobile above 150 K to the trapped below 150 K, Most of the solitons are trapped below 10 K, (after (a) [174] and (b) [173])...

D. Schafer-Siebert et ai, in Electronic Properties of Polymers and Related Compounds, Springer Series in Solid Slate Science, vol. 76, pp. 38—42, Springer Verlag (1987). 

We would like to note that the designing of tunable diode lasers is one of the most promising approaches used for the development of gas analyzers aimed for detection of a spedlic gas (Somesfalean et al. 2005). Gas analyzers based on tunable diode lasers are considerably simpler in comparison with conventional systems. A tunable laser is a laser whose wavelength of operation can be altered in a controlled manner. There are many types and categories of tunable lasers. They exist in the gas, liquid, and solid slates. Among the types of tunable lasers are excimer lasers, COj lasers, dye lasers (liquid and solid slate), transition-metal solid-state lasers, semiconductor crystal and diode lasers, and free-electron lasers (Duarte 1995). 

Sellmyer DJ (1978) Electronic stmcture of metallic compounds and alloys. Solid Slate Phys 33 83-248... 

The high electrical conductivity of metals as well as the high electron (and hole) mobility of inorganic covalently bound semiconductors have both been clarified by the band theory [I9, which slates that the discrele energy levels of individual atoms widen in the solid stale into alternatively allowed and forbidden bands. The... 

The discussion of Fig. 2-3 fits well with the LCAO description but the degree to which a solid is covalent or metallic is independent of which basis slates are used in the calculation. Most of the analy.sis of covalent solids (hat will be made here will be based upon linear combinations of atomic orbitals, but we also wish to understand them in terms of free-cleclron-like behavior. (These two extreme approaches are illustrated for cesium chloride in Fig. 2-2.) Frcc-electron-like behavior is treated in Chapter 18, where two physical parameters will be designated, one of which dominates in the covalent solid and one of which dominates in the metallic solid. It can be useful here to see how these parameters correspond to the concepts discussed so far. 

Although our discussion in the next seven chapters will center on simple tetrahedral structures, in which all electrons form simple two-electron bonds, it is desirable to introduce two other types of structures in these, some of the electrons form two-electron bonds (and are understandable in the same terms used for the tetrahedral solids) and other electrons are accommodated in pure p slates, similar to the 71 states discussed in Chapter 1 for diatomic molecules. For a discussion of the stability of these structures, see Friedel (1978). The two-electron bonds are simpler geometrically in these systems than in the tetrahedral solids and will provide very good problems. (Many of the problems at the ends of the following chapters will explore the theory of the bonds for these simpler systems.)... 

To the extent that the electronic structure is describable in terms of independent atoms, the properties of inert-gas solids are easily understandable and not so interesting. There are, however, one or two points that should be made. The optical absorption spectra of isolated atoms consists of sharp lines that correspond to transitions of the atom to excited slates, and to a continuous spectrum of absorption beginning at the ionization energy and continuing to higher energy. The experimental absorption spectra of inert-gas solids (Baldini, 1962) also show fairly sharp lines corresponding to transitions from the valence p states to excited s... 

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