Solid plate cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) use a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the electrolyte. Since the electrolyte is a solid, the cells do not have to be constructed in the plate-like configuration typical of other fuel cell types. SOFCs are expected to be around 50-60 percent efficient at converting fuel to electricity, however, calculations show that over 70 percent may be achievable. In applications designed to capture and utilize the system s waste heat (co-generation), overall fiiel use efficiencies could top 80-85 percent. 

Electroblotting apparatus solid plate electrode tank transfer system (e.g., Trans-Blot Cell, Bio-Rad)... 

The 1% ethylene-carbon monoxide copolymer was also irradiated in the solid phase (thin film). Compression-molded films were fixed on plates which fitted into the Perkin Elmer 521 infrared spectrophotometer. An infrared spectrum of the polymer could thus be obtained after each period of photolysis without disturbing the film. For photolyses at room temperature and above the plates were mounted in a solid brass cell through which a stream of inert gas could be passed while the cell was being heated. 

Industrial cells are mainly bipolar consisting of a large number of individual plate cells connected back to back and coupled in blocks according to the filter press principle. If the electrolysis is carried out under pressure, the energy consumption can be reduced by 20%. Further recent developments are the use of porous electrodes, high temperature steam electrolysis and the SPE-process (solid polymer electrolyte). Heavy water, D2O, can be produced as a byproduct in water electrolysis through enrichment in the electrolyte. 

In the traditional cells, the cathodes and anodes are flat plates that are placed parallel to each other. Anodes and cathodes are suspended alternately in the cells with precise spacing. In some cases, it is necessary to separate anode and cathode electrolytes. This is done by using separators, with diaphragms that allow solution flow or membranes that allow only anion or cation transfer. The deposition of metal onto the cathodes is a batch process. The cathodes are removed from the cell when the deposit has grown thick enough. The flow rate of the electrolyte is kept low so that possible solids fall to the bottom of the cell and do not contaminate the cathodes. Figure 10 shows an example of the traditional parallel-plate cell. 

Fig. 7 Angular distribution of nanofiber substrates and the cells cultured on them are shown in normalized histograms, (a) Substrate was collected on a solid plate, and (b) substrate was collected on a rotating mandrel [114]...

To detect specific sequences, DNA is usually transferred to a solid support, such as a sheet of nitrocellulose paper. For example, if bacteria are growing on an agar plate, cells from each colony will adhere to a nitrocellulose sheet pressed against the... 

An electrolytic process in which a metai ion is reduced and a solid metai is deposited on a surface is caiied electropiating. An electroplating cell contains a solution of a salt of the plating metal, an object to be plated (the cathode), and a piece of the plating metal (the anode). A silver-plating cell contains a solution of a soluble silver salt and a silver anode. The cathode is the object to be plated. The silver anode is connected to the positive electrode of a battery or to some other source of direct current. The object to be plated is connected to the negative electrode. 

Fig. 9.3 Illustration of the electrical potential distribution calculated for the flat-plate cell with ideally symmetrical working and counter electrodes, according to [25]. Solid lines correspond to the equipotential surfaces. Possible positions of reference electrodes are indicated...

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