Solid-liquid separation fundamentals

Chen, W. Solid/liquid separation fundamentals and practice. AIChE Today Ser. 1996. 

Chen, W. 2002. Solid/liquid separation fundamentals and practice. AIChE Today Series. New York AIChE. Chen, W. 2004. The Use of Hydrocyclone Models in lYactical Design. 9th World Filtration Congress, New Orleans, LA, April 19-22. 

L., and Thew M. T., (eds.). Hydrocyclones Analysis and Applications, p. 95, Kliiwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992. Dahlstrom D. A., Fundamental of Solid-Liquid Separation, Mnlar A. L., and Anderson,... 

These operations will be grouped by fhe phases that are to be separated gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, solid-gas. and solid-liquid. The fundamental roechanigns in each group are similar. There are four basic mechanisms that contribute to each group of separations ... 

Two examples of some simple fundamentals used in the selection of the most relevant mean in solid-liquid separation are given below. 

The concept of entropy as a general measure of the disorder of a system is, of course, highly relevant in solid-liquid separation because the degree of restoration of the order (the reduction in entropy) describes the success of the separation process. Fundamentally, entropy is a measure of the way in which the total energy of the system is distributed amongst its constituent atoms. 

The entropy index as defined in equation 18.36 is potentially very useful in the fundamental evaluation of any separation processes, not just in solid-liquid separation. Besides the Russian references ", Ogawa et al. derived the same entropy index (but using mass fractions rather than volumetric ones) from information theory and proposed its use for the evaluation of any separation process. 

Thirdly, there are those chapters which only needed minor updating and amendments. These include Characterization of Particles Suspended in Liquids, Efficiency of Separation of Particles from Fluids, Hydrocyclones, Separation by Centrifugal Sedimentation, Filtration Fundamentals, Methods for Limiting Cake Growth, Pressure Filtration, Particle-Huid Interaction, Thermodynamics of Solid-Liquid Separation. 

Interaction of particles is a very important topic in particle technology concerning both natural and industrial fields, and this work is part of a more comprehensive investigation in to solid-liquid separations. The behaviour of single particles and non-interacting concentrated suspensions is well understood thanks to Stokes and other fundamental theories [1]. Nevertheless, there is a problem when the particles are able to interact with each other in order to form different dynamic entities [2]. The main aim of this paper is to study how colloidal titanium dioxide interacts, starting from an... 

Svarovsky, L., 2000. Solid-liquid separation, 4th edition. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann. Swinney, L.D., Stevens, J.D. and Peters, R.W., 1982. Calcium Carbonate Crystallization Kinetics. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 21, 31. 

Under normal conditions, matter can appear in three forms of aggregation solid, liquid, and gas. These forms or physical states are consequences of various interactions between the atomic or molecular species. The interactions are governed by internal chemical properties (various types of bonding) and external physical properties (temperature and pressure). Most small molecules can be transformed between these states (e.g., H2O into ice, water, and steam) by a moderate change of temperature and/or pressure. Between these physical states— or phases—there is a sharp boundary phase boundary), which makes it possible to separate the phases—for example, ice may be removed from water by filtration. The most fundamental of chemical properties is the ability to undergo such phase transformations, the use of which allows the simplest method for isolation of pure compounds from natural materials. 

In many cases the CALPHAD method is applied to systems where there is solubility between the various components which make up the system, whether it is in the solid, liquid or gaseous state. Such a system is called a solution, and the separate elements (i.e., Al, Fe...) and/or molecules (i.e., NaCl, CuS...) which make up the solution are defined as the components. The model description of solutions (or solution phases) is absolutely fundamental to the CALPHAD process and is dealt with in more detail in chapter S. The present chapter will discuss concepts such as ideal mixing energies, excess Gibbs energies, activities, etc. 

Quantum phenomena at the vacuum interface have been postulated in analogy with known effects at physico-chemical interfaces. To be consistent, special properties of the latter are therefore implied. A physical interface is the boundary surface that separates two phases in contact. These phases could be two solid phases, two liquid phases, solid-liquid, solid-gas or liquid-gas phases. What they all have in common is a potential difference between the two bulk phases. In order to establish equilibrium at the interface it is necessary that rearrangement occurs on both sides of the interface over a narrow region. Chemical effects within the interfacial zone are unique and responsible for the importance of surfaces in chemical systems. At the most fundamental level the special properties of surfaces relate to the difference between isolated elementary entities and the same entities in a bulk medium, or condensed phase. 

In all of these systems, certain aspects of the reactions can be uniquely related to the properties of a surface. Surface properties may include those representative of the bulk material, ones unique to the interface because of the abrupt change in density of the material, or properties arising from the two-dimensional nature of the surface. In this article, the structural, thermodynamic, electrical, optical, and dynamic properties of solid surfaces are discussed in instances where properties are different from those of the bulk material. Predominantly, this discussion focuses on metal surfaces and their interaction with gas-phase atoms and molecules. The majority of fundamental knowledge of molecular-level surface properties has been derived from such low surface area systems. The solid-gas interface of high surface area materials has received much attention in the context of separation science, however, will not be discussed in detail here. The solid-liquid interface has primarily been treated from an electrochemical perspective and is discussed elsewhere see Electrochemistry Applications in Inorganic Chemistry). The surface properties of liquids (liquid-gas interface) are largely unexplored on the molecular level experimental techniques for their study have begun only recently to be developed. The information presented here is a summary of concepts a more complete description can be found in one of several texts which discuss surface properties in more detail. ... 

The basic principle for solid/liquid and solute/liquid separation by the adsorptive bubble separation processes has been introduced previously. This section further presents fundamental principles on foam phenomena and foam separation cell s operation. 

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