Solid Guidance

The combination of the two unit operations comminution and reaction can be distinguished into several application fields  

A review on the subject of application has been published by McCormick and Froes [36]. 

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A manual entitled Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas/Solid Systems with Special Reference to the Determination of Surface Area and Porosity has been prepared as a provisional publication by Commission 1.6 of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC). The purpose of the manual is to draw attention to problems involved in reporting physisorption data and to provide guidance on the evaluation and interpretation of isotherm data. The general conclusions and recommendations are very similar to those contained in Chapter 6. 

Chemical precipitation can remove 95 percent of the suspended solids, up to 50 percent of the soluble organics and the bulk of the heavy metals in a wastewater. Removal of soluble organics is a function of the coagulant chemical, with iron salts yielding best results and lime the poorest. Metal removal is primarily a function of pH and the ionic state of the metal. Guidance is available from solubihty product data. 

U.S. EPA. 1988b. RCRA Corrective Action Interim Measures Guidance - Interim Final EPA/530-SW-88-029, OSWER 9902.4, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C., June 1988. 

Values for BW dissolved solids are for guidance only. It might be found from experience that lower values are necessary to avoid surging, priming, or carryover. 

EPA. 1997e. Methods and guidance for analysis of water. Method 508.1 Determination of chlorinated pesticides, herbicides, and organohalides by liquid-solid extraction and electron capture gas chromatography. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA 821-C-97-001. 

US Environmental Protection Agency, RCRA Ground-Water Monitoring Draft Technical Guidance, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC (1992). 

Waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immediate release solid oral dosage forms based on a biopharmaceutics classification system. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, issued 8/2000, posted 8/31/2000. http //www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/ index, htm... 

FDA Guidance for Industry Waiver of in vivo Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Containing Certain Active Moieties/ Active Ingredients Based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System, CDER-GUID 2062dft.wpd Draft, Jan. 1999. 

Final cover systems are another important component of waste containment systems used at landfills. While liner systems are installed beneath the waste, final cover (or closure) systems are installed over the completed solid waste mass. For hazardous waste landfills, 40 CFR 264 requires that the landfill be closed with a final cover system that meets certain performance criteria, most notably, that they have a permeability less than or equal to the permeability of any bottom liner system or natural subsoils present. U.S. EPA guidance documents517 recommend that final cover systems for hazardous waste landfills consist of at least the following, from top to bottom ... 

EPA. 1994. Guidance manual for integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA/540/R-93/081. 

CDER Guidance for Industry. SUPAC-IR Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Scale-Up and Post-Approval Changes Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls, In Vitro Dissolution Testing, and In Vivo Bioequivalence Documentation US Food and Drug Administration, 1995. 

Solid fetal spinal cord tissue seeded into semipermeable mini guidance channels and implanted into a lesion site in the rat adult spinal cord... 

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic of the scaffold design showing the inner and outer scaffolds, (b and c) Inner scaffolds seeded with NSCs. (Scale bars 200 pm and 50 tm, respectively.) The outer section of the scaffold was created by means of a solid-liquid phase separation technique that produced long, axially oriented pores for axonal guidance as well as radial pores to allow fluid transport and inhibit the ingrowth of scar tissue (d scale bar, 100 pm), (e) Schematic of surgical insertion of the implant into the spinal cord. [Reproduced with permission from Teng et al. (2002).]... 

The author wishes to thank Nancy Marotta for elemental analyses and thermoanalyses, Dr. Elizabeth Williams for solid state 13 C NMR, Dr. Peter Codella for PAS-FTIR and Raman IR, and Paul Shields for X-ray diffraction, and to all of the above for helpful discussions and guidance. 

Conclusion Toxicity data are available for many thousands of solid, liquid, and gaseous chemicals and other materials. The data for inhalation toxicity provide guidance for concentration and duration limits, for protection of the public, chemical plant employees, and emergency response personnel. Similar data for ingestion and skin contact with toxic materials are not as readily available. Investigation into toxic effects is continuing, so that toxic materials can be handled safely. 

Guidance for Industry Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Form, August 1997. 

Guidance for Industry Extended Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Development, Evaluation and Application of In Vitro/In Vivo Correlations, September 1997. 

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