Solid earth

R03 E.B. Royce, Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi," Course XLVII, Physics of High Energy Density, edited by P. Caldirola and H. Knoepfel (Academic, New York, 1971), pp. 126-138. 71T01 R.F. Trunin, G.V. Simakov, and M.A. Podurets, Acad. Sci. USSR, Bulletin, Phys. Solid Earth, No. 2, 102-106 (1971). 

Marty, B. and Jambon, A. (1987) C/ He in volatile fluxes from the solid Earth Implications for carbon geodynamics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 83, 16-26. 

Garcia-Castellanos D, Verges J, Gaspar-Escribano J, Cloetingh S (2003) Interplay between tectonics, climate, and fluvial transport during the Cenozoic evolution of the Ebro Basin (NE Iberia) - art. no. 2347. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 108 2347-2347... 

With the exception of these fractionation pathways, studies of igneous systems chiefly focus on the potential of Li isotopes as geochemical tracers fingerprinting the cycling of Li derived from specific (low-temperature) sources through the solid Earth. The sections below deal with observations of Li isotopes in high-temperature systems, and the mechanisms for low-temperature fractionation processes are discussed after, imder the heading, Planetary surface systems. ... 

Anderson O. L. (1972). Patterns in elastic constants of minerals important to geophysics. In Nature of the Solid Earth, E. C. Robinson, ed. New York McGraw-Hill. 

Schoenberg R, Zink S, Staubwasser M, von Blanckenburg F (2008) The stable Crisotope inventory of solid Earth reservoirs determined by double-spike MC-ICP-MS. Chem Geol 249 294-306 Schoenheimer R, Rittenberg D (1939) Studies in protein metabolism I, General considerations in the application of isotopes to the study of protein metabolism. The normal abundance of nitrogen isotopes in amino acids, J Biol Chem 127 285-290... 

Huang, D., Fan, S., J. Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 110, B01311 (2005)... 

In the Alchemical Theory, says Albert Poisson, the four Elements, not any more than the three Principles, represent particular substances they are simply states of matter, simple modalities. Water is synonymous with the liquid state, Earth with the solid Air with the gaseous and Fire with that of a very subtle gaseous state, such as a gas expanded by the action of heat.. . Moreover, Elements represent, by extension, physical qualities such as heat, (Fire) dryness and solidity, (Earth) moisture and fluidity, (Water) cold and subtility, (Air) Zosimus gives to their ensemble the name of Tetrasomy. 

The part of Earth s geosphere that is accessible to humans is the crust, which, ranging from 5 to 40 km in thickness, is extremely thin compared to the diameter of the earth. Most of the solid earth crust consists of rocks. Rocks are composed of minerals, where a mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite internal crystal structure and chemical composition. A rock is a solid, cohesive mass of pure mineral or an aggregate of two or more minerals. 

So far we discussed the case for 4He escape. 3He escape must at least be as effective as 4He the 4He lifetime against Jeans escape can be shown to be 70 times greater than the 3He lifetime. In the case of 4He, an inflow flux into the atmosphere is essentially the radiogenic 4He from the solid Earth. However, a flux from the interplanetary space may become important in the case of 3He inventory. From He implantation experiment on metal foil collectors in the Skylab, a spacecraft operated in a circular orbit at the altitude of 443 km from 1973 to 1974, Lind, Geiss, and Stettler (1979) concluded that the solar wind 3He precipitating from the magnetosphere to the upper atmosphere is comparable to 3He degassing flux from the solid Earth. 

Honda, M., Ozima, M., Nakada, Y., Onaka, T. (1979) Trapping of rare gases during the condensation of solids. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 43, 197-200. 

Sano, Y. (1986) Helium flux from the solid Earth. Geochem. I, 20, 227-32. 

Torgersen, T., O Donnel, J. (1991) The degassing flux from the solid Earth Release by fracturing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 951 1. 

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