Solar configurations

Trough systems currently account for more than 90 percent of the world s solar electric capacity. They nse parabolic reflectors in long trough configurations to focus and concentrate sunlight (up to one hundred times) on oil-filled glass tubes placed along the... 

Licht S, Khaselev O, Soga T, Umeno M (1998) Multiple bandgap photoelectrochemistry Energetic configurations for solar energy conversion. Electrochem Solid State Lett 1 20-23... 

The in-line configuration consists of deposition chambers that are separated by isolation chambers [153]. The layer sequence of a solar cell structure prescribes the actual sequence of deposition chambers. The flexibility is much less than with a cluster configuration, and costs are generally much higher, but the throughput can also be much larger. In an in-line system the substrates can move while deposition takes place, which leads to very uniformly deposited layers, as uniformity of deposition is required only in one dimension (perpendicular to the moving direction). 

A schematic cross-section of a p-i-n a-Si H solar cell [11] is shown in Figure 72a. In this so-called superstrate configuration (the light is incident from above), the material onto which the solar cell structure is deposited, usually glass, also serves as a window to the cell. In a substrate configuration the carrier onto which the solar cell structure is deposited forms the back side of the solar cell. The carrier usually is stainless steel, but flexible materials such as metal-coated polymer foil (e.g. polyimid) ora very thin metal make the whole structure flexible [11]. 

Figure 11. The gravitational mass (in units of the solar mass M ) versus the normalized central energy density (eo = 156 MeV fm-3) (left panel) and versus the equatorial radius (right panel). The thin lines represent static equilibrium configurations, whereas the thick fines display configurations rotating at their respective Kepler frequencies. Several different stellar matter compositions are considered (see text for details).

Table 1. The critical mass and energy released in the conversion process of an HS into a QS for several values of the Bag constant and the surface tension. Column labeled MQs,max denotes the maximum gravitational mass of the final QS sequence. The value of the critical gravitational mass of the initial HS is reported on column labeled Mcr whereas those of the mass of the final QS and the energy released in the stellar conversion process are shown on columns labeled Mfi and Econv respectively. BH denotes those cases in which the baryonic mass of the critical mass configuration is larger than the maximum baryonic mass of the QS sequence (M r > MQS>max). In these cases the stellar conversion process leads to the formation of a black hole. Units of B and a are MeV/fm3 and MeV/fm2 respectively. All masses are given in solar mass units and the energy released is given in units of 10B1 erg. The hadronic phase is described with the GM1 model, ms and as are always taken equal to 150 MeV and 0 respectively. The GM1 model predicts a maximum mass for the pure HS of 1.807 M .

Figure 12. Cooling of hybrid star configurations of Fig. 9 with color superconducting quark matter core in 2SC+X phase. Different lines correspond to hybrid star masses in units of the solar mass.

Figure 13. Quark star configurations for different antineutrino chemical potentials r = 0, 100, 150 MeV. The total mass M in solar masses (MsUn = M in the text) is shown as a function of the radius R (left panel) and of the central number density nq in units of the nuclear saturation density no (right panel). Asterisks denote two different sets of configurations (A,B,f) and (A ,B ,f ) with a fixed total baryon number of the set.

Despite recent achievements in active materials, PEC configuration and thermal catalysis, hydrogen production through direct water photosplitting with good solar photon efficiency and low cost apparatus is still far from practical exploitation. 

Quantum theory assigns the electrons surrounding the nucleus to orbitals, which should not be confused with the orbits of the solar system. Each orbital has a characteristic energy and a three-dimensional shape. An atom in the lowest energy configuration is said to be in its ground state. For this... 

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