Sodium valerate

For example, butyl sulfate, sodium valerate, zwitterionics, such as butyldimethylammonium butylene sulfonate, and V dodccylpyiTolidonc... 

The first way. A mixture of 1.65 g of 14-iodo-N-trifluoroacetyldaunomycin, prepared and purified according to the procedure of Arcamone et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,803,124, and 1.37 g of sodium valerate in 165 ml of anhydrous acetone was heated at reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered, and the filter cake was washed with anhydrous acetone until the washings were no longer colored. The combined filtrate and washings were evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was treated with a 1 1 mixture of water and chloroform (total volume 200 ml), and the aqueous layer was separated and discarded. The chloroform extract was washed twice with cold water, once with aqueous pH 7 buffer, and finally with saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The chloroform solution was... 

Derivation Heating sodium valerate and ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, with subsequent distillation. 

FIR a Potential oscillation at interface o/wl with SDS as surfactant with (A) no electrolyte, Swth wS NaC (C) 100mM KC1, (D) lOOmM CsCl, (E) lOOmM MgCl2, (F) lOOmM CaCrU loSmM Bath, (H) lOOmM FeCl3, (I) lOOmM NaF, (J) lOOmM NaBr, (K) lOOmM Nal tL) lOOmM sodium acetate, (M) lOOmM sodium propionate, (N) lOOmM sodium n-butyrate, (O) lOOmM sodium -valerate, (P) lOOmM tetramethylammonium chloride, (Q) 20mM tetra-ethylammonium chloride, (R) 20 mM tetrapropylammonium chloride, and (S) 20 mM tetrabutyl-ammonium chloride in phase wl. Phase w2 contains 8mM SDS and 5M ethanol and phase o contains 5mM tetrbutylammonium chloride. (Ref. 27.)... 

Solubility op Silver Valerate in Aqueous Solutions op Silver Acetate, Silver Nitrate and of Sodium Valerate. 

In this work, we have used poly-L-lactide (PLA) with different molecular weights 67, 152, and 400 kDa (Fluka Germany) chloroform (ZAO EKOS-1, RF) sodium valerate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and monosubsti-tuted sodium phosphate (NaH PO, ChimMed, RF). 

The incorporation of 3HV into the copolymer increases proportionally with the concentration of sodium valerate or sodium propionate added to the culture medium (Ishihara et al. 1996 Shang et al. 2004 Abdelhad et al. 2009). With higher concentration of precursors (3.36 and 4.32 g/L), more residual oil was present in the culture medium, indicating that the jatropha oil was less utilized. The 3HV monomer composition in P(3HB-co-3HV) produced from sodium valerate addition was higher (3-41 mol%) compared to that produced using sodium propionate (2-27 mol%) (Lee et al. 2008). The biosynthesis of P(3HB-co-3HV) from sodium valerate is more effective because the metabolic pathway is more exclusive for the biosynthesis of 3HV monomer. Sodium valerate can be converted via /3-oxidation cycle into 3-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA intermediate to be incorporated directly into P(3HB-co-3HV) without catabolism (Doi et al. 1988b). A 3HV composition as high as 90 mol% had been achieved from valeric acid in some studies (Mitomo et al. 1999 Khanna and Srivastava 2007). 

To further determine the effects of the mixture of jatropha oil and sodium valerate or sodium propionate on the generation of 3HV for PHA biosynthesis, sodium valerate and sodium propionate were fed by standardizing the amount of carbon present in the precursors. This enabled the calculation of conversion percentage of carbon in precursors into 3HV units. The calculation was based on the carbon content of the total 3HV units incorporated in P(3HB-co-3HV) and total carbon provided by precursors. By taking the P(3HB-co-41 mol% 3HV) copolymer produced from the mixture of jatropha oil and sodium valerate as an example. 

The basic synthetic mineral medium for the fermentations and plates was described earlier. Ammonium sulfate was the sole nitrogen source. Maximum concentrations of ammonium sulfate were 2,4 g/L. Carbon sources for the plates and fomentations were glucose, galactose and lactose. The initial concentration of carbon sources was about 10 g/L. Sodium valerate was added in concentrations not exceeding 2 g/L during polymer accumulati[Pg.140]

Figure I. Fermentation on glucose as carbon source and production of P(3HB-co-3HV) with sodium valerate as precursor and Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 17759...

Sodium valerate normally is only used as a precursor. Beigey s manual indicates that Alcaligenes latus DSM 1122 shows no growdi on valerate. 

Chromobacterium violaceum polySHV homopolymer Sodium valerate [78]... 

Perkin obtained only cinnamic acid from benzaldehyde, acetic anhydride, and either sodium butyrate or sodium valerate instead of sodium acetate but with sodium propionate and propionic anhydride, or sodium butyrate and butyric anhydride, in all cases at i8o°, homologues of cinnamic acid were obtained. He concluded that the salt from which the anhydride is derived must be present, but the reaction is between the aldehyde and the acid anhydride ... 

A poly(3HV) homopolymer has been synthesized by three strains of Chromobacterium violaceum fed on sodium valerate [116]. SteinbUchel et al. showed that one strain in particular (DSM 30191) could accumulate 45 to 65% of its dry mass as a low-molecular-mass P(3HV). Other PHA-producing substrates yielded with this strain PHB only. 

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