Sodium thermodynamic properties

A comprehensive work on the electrodeposition chemistry and characterization of anodically synthesized CdTe thin films has been presented by Ham et al. [98]. In this work, along with the electrolytic anodic synthesis of CdTe by using Cd anodes in alkaline solutions of sodium telluride, an electroless route of anodizing a Cd electrode held at open circuit in the same solution was also introduced. The anodic method was expected to produce CdTe with little contamination from Te on account of the thermodynamic properties of the system the open-circuit potential of Cd anodes in the Te electrolyte lies negative of the Te redox point, so... 

Calcium-sodium-chloride-type brines (which typically occur in deep-well-injection zones) require sophisticated electrolyte models to calculate their thermodynamic properties. Many parameters for characterizing the partial molal properties of the dissolved constituents in such brines have not been determined. (Molality is a measure of the relative number of solute and solvent particles in a solution and is expressed as the number of gram-molecular weights of solute in 1000 g of solvent.) Precise modeling is limited to relatively low salinities (where many parameters are unnecessary) or to chemically simple systems operating near 25°C. 

Sodium ferrate, in sodium nitrite production, 22 855 Sodium ferrite, 14 543 Sodium fluoride, 22 825, 8 340 Sodium fluoroborate manufacture, 4 155 physical properties of, 4 152t thermodynamic properties of, 4 154t uses of, 4 156... 

Wagman, D.D. Evans, W.H. Parker, V.B. Schumm, R.H. "Chemical Thermodynamic Properties of Compounds of Sodium, Potassium and Rubidium An Interim Tabulation of Selected Values," NBSIR 76-1034... 

Newton W. and McCready N. (1948). Thermodynamic properties of sodium silicates. C. Phys. Coll Chem., 52 1277-1283. 

Antipova, A.S., Semenova, M.G., Belyakova, L.E. (1999). Effect of sucrose on the thermodynamic properties of ovalbumin and sodium caseinate in bulk solution and at air-water interface. Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces, 12, 261-270. 

Equations used to calculate L and 4>CP are taken from K. S. Pitzer, Ion interaction approach theory and data correlation , Chapter 3 in Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions, 2nd Edition, K. S. Pitzer, Editor, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1991. Equations for calculating L, L2, Ju and J2 are summarized in K. S. Pitzer, J. C. Peiper, and R. H. Busey, Thermodynamic properties of aqueous sodium chloride solutions , J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data, 13, 1-102 (1984). 

The thermodynamic treatment of systems in which at least one component is an electrolyte needs special comment. Such systems present the first case where we must choose between treating the system in terms of components or in terms of species. No decision can be based on thermodynamics alone. If we choose to work in terms of components, any effect of the presence of new species that are different from the components, would appear in the excess chemical potentials. No error would be involved, and the thermodynamic properties of the system expressed in terms of the excess chemical potentials and based on the components would be valid. It is only when we wish to explain the observed behavior of a system, to treat the system on the basis of some theoretical concept or, possibly, to obtain additional information concerning the molecular properties of the system, that we turn to the concept of species. For example, we can study the equilibrium between a dilute aqueous solution of sodium chloride and ice in terms of the components water and sodium chloride. However, we know that the observed effect of the lowering of the freezing point of water is approximately twice that expected for a nondissociable solute. This effect is explained in terms of the ionization. In any given case the choice of the species is dictated largely by our knowledge of the system obtained outside of the field of thermodynamics and, indeed, may be quite arbitrary. 

R. H. Chemical thermodynamic properties of compounds of sodium, potassium, and rubidium An interim tabulation of selected values. Nat l Bur. Stand.Interagency Report 76-1034, 76 p. (1976). 

A large number of oxidation reactions are possible between sodium alanates and the oxidizing gases present in the atmosphere (oxygen and water vapor). Many reactions are thermodynamically favorable as shown by free energy and enthalpy changes of a few selected reactions in Table 4.1. The thermodynamic property data were obtained from Barin et al. [47]. Reactions that yield sodium oxides are of particular interest as some of these compounds can exhibit structural instability. 

Bonnetot B, Chahine G, Claudy P, Diot M, Letoffe J M (1980), Sodium tetrahydridoaluminate NaAlHj and hexahydridoaluminate Na3AlHg molar heat capacity and thermodynamic properties from 10 to 300 K , J. Chem. Thermodyn., 12(3), 249-254. 

Ftiran. Furfuran oxole tetrole divinylene oxide. C4H,0 mol wt 68.07. C 70.57%, H 5.92%, O 23.50%. Occurs in oils obtained by the distillation of rosin contg pine wood. Prepd by decarboxylation of 2-furancarboxylic acid Wilson, Org. Syn. coll. vol. I (2nd ed., 1941), p 274. Has been prepd directly from furfural Over hot soda-lime Or by dropping furfural on a fused mixt of sodium and potassium hydroxides Hurd et ai.. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84, 2532 (1932). Toxicity data Henderson, J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 57, 394 (1936). Thermodynamic properties G. B. Guthrie, Jr. ei ai, J. Am Chem, Soc. 74, 4662 (1952). 

Pilling MJ, Seakins PW (1995) Reaction Kinetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK Pitzer KS, Peiper JC, Busey RH (1984) Thermodynamic properties of aqueous sodium chloride solutions. J Phys Chem Ref Data 13 1-102... 

SID/AKI] Sidorov, L. N., Akishin, P. A., Shol ts, V. B., Korenev, Y. M., Mass-spectrometric study of the thermodynamic properties of the sodium fluoride-zirconium tetrafluoride system. III. Temperature variation of the partial pressures and the thermodynamic properties of the condensed phase, Russ. J. Phys. C/zew., 39, (1965), 1146-1150. Cited on page 150. 

Characteristically, the more highly oxidized species prepared in this study were nearly amorphous to x-rays. They contained essentially no sodium. Although such material may be a little less stable than Bricker s (1) 8Mn02, its thermodynamic stability is assumed here to be the same as he determined. It will become evident later that, in general, this assumption produces a reasonable model applicable to laboratory systems. However, natural products may have a considerable range of stability and composition, and because they are generally impure and disordered, their thermodynamic properties can only be approximated. 

In order to predict the direction of corrosion and mass transfer, it is essential to have data on thermodynamic properties of chemical compositions and steel components as a function of temperature. If the liquid metal is flowing at high velocity, the material is subject to erosion. Formation of the film (consisting of both steel and liquid metal coolant components) on the structural metal surface is another type of corrosion, since this is not protective film. Due to the difference in chemical activity between sodium and lead, technologies of these coolants are quite different, although some methods share a number of common features. 

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