Sodium poly complexes

Sodium Poly(4-styrene sulfonate). The sol—gel processing of TMOS in the presence of sodium poly-4-styrene sulfonate (NaPSS) has been used to synthesize inorganic—organic amorphous complexes (61). These sodium siUcate materials were then isotherm ally crystallized. The processing pH, with respect to the isoelectric point of amorphous siUca, was shown to influence the morphology of the initial gel stmctures. Using x-ray diffraction, the crystallization temperatures were monitored and were found to depend on these initial microstmctures. This was explained in terms of the electrostatic interaction between the evolving siUcate stmctures and the NaPSS prior to heat treatment at elevated temperatures. 

Certain mixtures of polymers have been shown to form complexes which exhibit substantially higher than expected solution viscosity under low shear conditions. Xanthan gum blends with guar gum (38, 39), sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (40), polyacrylamide (41), sulfonated guar gum (38), sodium poly(vinylsulfonate) (40), hydrolyzed sodium poly(styrene sulfonate-co-maleic anhydride) (38), and poly(ethylene oxide) (41) and blends of xanthan gum and locust bean gum have exhibited substantially higher than expected solution viscosity (42, 43). 

As the AO with a direct nonspecific mechanism of action we have chosen Hypoxene - sodium poly(2,5-dihydroxiphenyl)-4-thiosulfonate. Besides a direct AO effect as a scavenger of free radicals it exerts an anti-hypoxic effect shunting I and II complexes of mitochondrial respiratory chain, which are inhibited as a consequence of hypoxia (Eropkin et al., 2007). Hypoxene was introduced into cell incubation media before illumination and left during cells further incubation. Hypoxene in the concentration of 40pg/ml, comparable to doses applied in vivo, completely blocked C60-induced phototoxicity (Table 7.3). Cellular viability has completely recovered to control level, which is a convincing evidence of free radical nature of cellular damage in photodynamic effect of fullerene. 

The problem with using surfactant-modified stationary phases in LC is that the surfactant will usually slowly elute (bleed) from the support thus resulting in different retention behavior of solutes with time. This is why most applications are in the area of GC or GLC. An exciting recent advance has been reported by Okahata, et al (181). Namely, a procedure has been developed for immobilizing a stable surfactant vesicle bilayer as the stationary phase in GC. A bilayer polyion complex composed of DODAB vesicles and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) was deposited on Uniport HP and its properties as a GC stationary phase evaluated. Unlike previous lipid bilayers which exhibited poor physical stability, the DODAB polyion phase was stable. Additionally, the temperature-retention behavior of test solutes exhibited a phase transition inflection point. The work demonstrates that immobilized surfactant vesicle bilayer stationary phases can be employed in GC separations (181). Further work in this direction will likely lead to many such unique gas chromatographic supports and novel separations. 

Complexes of sodium poly(a,L-glutamate) with salts of various fatty acids form a lamellar structure, consisting of alternating layers of polymer-chain and double-... 

When rare-earth-metal ions such as Eu and Tb are bound to polyelectrolyte membranes such as poly(sodium acrylate) and poly(sodium ethene-sulphonate) their fluorescence intensities are considerably enhanced this is associated with the formation of asymmetric bonds between the rare-earth ions and the acrylate/S03 groups in the polymers. This was confirmed by the addition of EDTA to the Tb -poly(sodium acrylate) complex which, because of its preferential binding to the polymer, displaced Tb ions and resulted in reduced fluorescence of the latter. Stokes shifts of fluorescent dyes in different polymer systems have been related more to mobility effects in the polymer than polarity,and the fluorescence of hydrolysed aspirin has been found to be affected by the nature of different polymer supports.The luminescence properties of cis-(2,2 -bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) complexes have been found to be influenced by binding the complex to a polymer matrix,as have the luminescence properties of flavones and l-octadecyl-3,3-dimethyl-6 -nitrospiro(indoline-2,2 -2H-benzopyran). Other studies of interest in-... 

UV/VIS spectroscopy has also been proved to be a helpful tool in studying preferential binding in a mixture of an optically active and an inactive component, e.g., NaPSS and sodium poly(methacrylate) (NaPMA). This phenomenon was studied in [47], comparing the spectra of complexes NaPSS/PDADMAC and (NaPSS + NaPMA)/PDADMAC, where a 1 1 molar mixing ratio of the polyanions with the same NaPSS concentration as in the first system was used. The ratio of the peak heights... 

Brand F, Dautzenberg H. Structural analysis in interpolyelectrolyte complex formation of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) and diallyldimethylammonium chloride-acrylamide copolymers by viscometry. Langmuir 1997 13(11) 2905-2910. 

Franfois J, Dayantis J, Sabbadin J. Hydrodynamical behavior of the poly(ethylene oxide)-sodium dodecylsulphate complex. Eur Polym J 1985 21 165-174. 

Insoluble polyelectrolyte complex may be formed when dissolved acidic and basic polyelectrolyte polymers are brought into intimate contact (131). Complex formation is generally agreed to be driven by the increase in entropy associated with the loss of small counterions into the bulk of the solution (132). Polyelectrolyte complex from concentrated solutions of strongly acidic and basic homopolymers has been shown to form sufficiently rapidly to produce a 20-30 nm thick membrane at the solution interface, as was found through reaction of dissolved poly(vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride) with sodium poly (styrene sulfonate) (132). 

Diffusion of cyclohexa- and cyclohepta-amyloses has been studied in aqueous solutions of poly(methacrylic acid), sodium poly(styrene sulphonate) having three different degrees of sulphonation, and copoly (sty rene-methacrylic acid) containing three different amounts of styrene. A decrease of the diffusion coefficients of the cycloamyloses in these polymer solutions was found to be dependent on the polymer content, the degree of sulphonation, the styrene content, and the degree of neutralization. The results were interpreted by assuming a 1 1 complex formation between the cycloamylose and an appropriate residue in the polymer. 

Other forces than H-bonding can lead to supramolecular polymer associations. Polymers such as PEG and sodium poly(a,L-glutamate) (PCNA) form complexes by ion-dipole and hydrophobic interactions. A quantitative analysis of the " Na-NMR spectra in D2O showed that only 6% of the sodium cations was complexed by PEG. while the majority of Na was in the solvated form. In nonaqueous media, a combination of Na and 2D-nuclear Gverhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NGESY) H-NMR suggests that the sodium ions are completely complexed by PEG through ion-dipole interactions. ... 

Pemawansa, K.P. Thakur. A. Karikari. E.K. Khan. I.M. Preparation and characterization of sodium poly(a,L-glutamate)/poly(ethylene oxide) macromolecular complexes. Macromolecules 1999. 32. 1910-1917. 

Gohy JF, Varshney SK, Antoun S, Jerome R (2000) Water-soluble complexes formed by sodium poly(4-styienesulfonate) and a poly(2-vinylpyridinium)-block-poly(ethyleneoxide) copolymer. Macromolecules 33 9298-9305... 

Electrochemical permeability control of organic molecules by a bilayer-immobilized film containing redox sites has been reported 1 Bilayer-forming amphiphiles 37) and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSSNa) were mixed in water, and the resulting precipitates were dissolved in CHCI3 and cast on a Pt minigrid. The amphiphiles form extended lamellae parallel to the film plane in polyion complexes with polystyrene sulfonate (PSS ). The 57-PSS and the reduced 57-PSS" film showed phase transition temperatures T at 24° and 38 °C, respectively. When the 37 group... 

Small-angle neutron-scattering studies, 283 Sodium poly(2-(3-thienyl)ethanesulfonate), 834 Sodium poly(4-(3-thienyl)butanesulfonate), 834 Solid-state spectra characterization of the oxidized species, 350 Solitons, 1, 13, 15, 18 bifurcation, 19 complexes and polarons, 21 conductivity, 23 in cw-polyacetylene, 21 inverter, 19... 

NickeI(Il).— The rate constants have been measured for complex formation and dissociation with neutral and anionic ligands in the presence of polyelectrolytes [sodium polystyrene sulphonate, sodium poly(ethylene sulphonate), and poly-(ethylenimine) hydrochloride]. In the reaction with the murexide anion, the formation rate constant kt was decreased by the presence of either anionic or cationic polyelectrolyte, whereas the dissociation rate constant remained unchanged. With the neutral ligands (phen, bipy, and pada), however, the polyelectrolytes with hydrophobic residues enhanced kt (the value of k again being unchan ). It appears that the increase in kt is associated with a reduction in the activation enthalpy e.g. 13.5 kcal mol for bipy with no added polyelectrolyte but 11.2 kcal mol with 1.5x 10 equivl of sodium polystyrene sulphonate). The authors discuss their results in terms of the formation of polyelectrolyte-metal complexes but it is quite clear that the presence of innocent species can have large effects on the kinetics of metal complex formation - even with neutral ligands which apparently follow the normal mechanism. 

As already mentioned in the Introduction, pioneering work on solid PEC dates back to the 1960s, when Michaels and coworkers published systematic studies on the frequency dependence of the complex permittivity [2, 3]. They investigated the influence of the RH and the concentration of dopant salt like NaBr, respectively, on the complex permittivity of PEC. The complexes were made of poly (vinyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) (PVBTAC) and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS). 

Pispas S (2006) Soluble complexes of sodium poly(isoprene-b-methacrylate) micelles with cationic surfactants in aqueous media. J Phys Chem B 110 2649-2655. doi 10.1021/ jp056008i... 

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