Socketing

The following dimensions of the email flasks may be found useful. The internal seal must be inside the line of the long neck to enable the glass spiral to be inserted or removed easily. The mouth of the flask is preferably an un ground 510 or 514 socket. 

The spherical joint or semi-ball joint or ball and socket joint is illustrated in Fig. 11, 55, 7, which includes one type of special clamp for holding the two halves of the joint together. This connexion cannot freeze... 

Flasks. Round-bottomed, flat-bottomed, conical (Erlenmeyer) and bolt-head flasks up to a capacity of 2-3 litres are generally fitted with a 524 socket f those from 5 to 100 ml. are available with a 514 or 519 (from 25 ml.) socket. Round- and flat-bottomed flasks exceeding 1 litre in capacity are supplied with 534 necks. Whilst all sizes of sockets can be obtained from the manufacturers, it is usually convenient to limit the socket sizes to a small number (say, 514, 519, 524 and 534), thus per mitting interchangeability with the minimum number of adapters. 

Reduction adapters. These may be employed to connect condensers, still-heads, etc. to flasks, extraction apparatus and the like. Numerous combinations (Fig. II, 56, 2) are, of course, possible, but the commonest sizes are socket 514 to cone 519 or 524 socket 519 to cone 524, 529... 

Fig. II, 56, 6 is a simple distillation head when this is fitted into a flask with a ground glass socket, the assembly is virtually a distillation flask. The bottom cone is usually 19, 24 or 29 the side cone is generafly B19 but may be 24 the thermometer socket is 14. For many purposes, a thermometer is fitted into a one-hole rubber stopper of correct taper and then inserted into the 14 socket the area of rubber which is exposed to the action of the organic vapour is relatively so small that the amount of contamination thus introduced is negligible. If, however, all rubber stoppers must be absent because of the highly corrosive character of the vapour, a thermometer with a 14 cone is employed. It is important to have the thermometer of the same glass as the distillation head, otherwise difficulties may arise owing to the different expansion coefficients of the two kinds of glass.

Multiple adapters The double neck adapter (Fig. 11, 56, 10) provides as its name implies, two entries into a flask. The sizes of cones which are generally used are 19, 24, 29 and 34 the sockets are 19 or 24. 

Two forms of triple neck adapters are shown in Fig. 11, 56, 11. The sizes of cones and sockets are similar to those for the double neck adapter. These adapters convert an ordinary flask into what is virtually a three-necked flask. 

The swan neck adapter of Fig. II, 56, 12 is useful for distillations as it permits the use of a capillary tube (held in position by a short length of heavy-walled rubber tubing) not sealed to a ground joint. It may also be used for inser tion of a thermometer or a gas-inlet tube in the narrow neck and a reflux condenser into the ground joint this device virtually converts a three-necked into a four-necked flask. Common sizes are cone fil9, 24, 29, or 34 socket 19, 24 or 29. 

Multi-necked flasks. Various types of multi necked flasks are illustrated in Figs. II, 56, 13-15. The centre socket is usually the largest ( 24 or 34) and the side sockets are generally smaller. The side tube in Fig. II, 56,15, a may be employed for a capillary tube in vacuum distillation b, c and d are different types of thermometer wells . 

Mg. 11, 56, 17 (Davies types) and Fig. 11, 56, 18 (double coil type) are examples of efficient double surface condensers. Fig. 11, 56, 19 depicts a screw type of condenser (Friedrich pattern) the jacket is usually 10, 15 or 25 cm. long and the cone and sockets are fil9 or 24 this highly efficient condenser is employed for both reflux and for downward distillation. 

Receiver adapters or connectors. Various forms of receiver adapters are shown in Figs. 11, 56, 26-29. The simplest form. Fig. 11, 56, 26, carries a glass hook for securing it to the condenser by means of a rubber band from the side tube to the hook an improved form, incorporating two ground glass joints is shown in Fig. 11, 56, 27. A useful adapter is illustrated in Fig. 11, 56, 28 when employed at atmospheric pressure, a drying tube may be attached to the side tube, if desired in a distillation under reduced pressure, the side tube is connected to the pump. Fig. 11, 56, 29 depicts a receiver adapter with an additional socket connection. 

Glass stirrers. Numerous varieties of stirrers are marketed. The four types depicted in Fig. 11, 56, 31 are reasonably efficient and possess the advantage of passing through narrow-necked flasks or sockets ( 14 or... 

Separatory funnels. For many operations the globular form (compare Fig. II, 1, 5, c) with 14, 19 or 24 cone on the stem and 14 or 19 socket for the stopper, is convenient. For some purposes, e.g., when used on a three-necked flask or with a multiple adapter, the cylindrical... 

Extraction of steam distillates by solvents. The apparatus, depicted in Fig. 11,58, 7, may be employed for the continuous extraction of substances which are volatile in steam from their aqueous solutions or suspensions. Solvents of the ether type (i.e., lighter than water) or of the carbon tetrachloride type (i.e., heavier than water) may be used. A reflux condenser is inserted in the Bl9 socket, whilst flasks of suitable capacity are fltted into the lower B24 cone and the upper. B19 cone respectively. For extraction with ether, the flask attached to the upper. B19 cone contains the ether whilst the aqueous solution is placed in the flask fltted to the lower B2i cone the positions of the flasks are reversed... 

Electrical Properties. Polysulfones offer excellent electrical insulative capabiUties and other electrical properties as can be seen from the data in Table 7. The resins exhibit low dielectric constants and dissipation factors even in the GH2 (microwave) frequency range. This performance is retained over a wide temperature range and has permitted appHcations such as printed wiring board substrates, electronic connectors, lighting sockets, business machine components, and automotive fuse housings, to name a few. The desirable electrical properties along with the inherent flame retardancy of polysulfones make these polymers prime candidates in many high temperature electrical and electronic appHcations. 

Polysulfones also offer desirable properties for cookware appHcations, eg, microwave transparency and environmental resistance to most common detergents. Resistance to various sterilizing media (eg, steam, disinfectants, and gamma radiation) makes polysulfones the resin family of choice for many medical devices. Uses in the electrical and electronic industry include printed circuit boards, circuit breaker components, connectors, sockets, and business machine parts, to mention a few. The good clarity of PSF makes it attractive for food service and food processing uses. Examples of appHcations in this area include coffee decanters and automated dairy processing components. 

Bone Fractures. A dislocation occurs when sudden pressure or force pulls a bone out of its socket at the joint. This is also known as subluxation. Bone fractures are classified into two categories simple fractures and compound, complex, or open fractures. In the latter the skin is pierced and the flesh and bone are exposed to infection. A bone fracture begins to heal nearly as soon as it occurs. Therefore, it is important for a bone fracture to be set accurately as soon as possible. 

In 1971 a metal-backed polyethylene acetabular cup was introduced. This cup provided an eccentric socket which was replaceable, leaving the metal and replacing only the polyethylene. Because of the success of this component, metal-backed high density polyethylene (HDPE) liner is standard for prosthetic acetabular components. Research confirms that metal-backing reduces the peak stresses in the bone cement, and that HDPE forms a successfiil articulating surface for the prosthetic joint. 

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