Smith, Darwin

In the last 20 years, a new problem, the evolutionary origin of levels of organization, or evolutionary transition, has been added to those celebrated since Darwin (Buss, 1987). In their recent book, The Major Transitions in Evolution, Maynard Smith and Szathmary (1995, p. 6) identified what they considered to be eight major originations of new levels of organization (Table 11.1). For most of these, they claimed a common feature . .. entities that were capable of independent replication before the transition... 

A beautiful month on Lake Qntario in a very friendly atmosphere. John Coleman, Bob Erdahl, Claude Garrod, Richard Hall, Hans Kummer, J. Lindenberg, R. McWeeny, Yngve Qhrn, David Peat, Mitja Rosina, Mary-Beth Ruskai, Darwin Smith, George Warsket, Antonio Ciampi, Ernest Davidson, and others discussed A-representability, the interpretation of RDMs, and other unsolved problems. 

Evolutionary algorithms are frequently used to find optimal solutions in many different problem areas. They are based on Darwin s principle of survival of the fittest (Darwin 1996 Maynard Smith 1993). A population of individuals has to compete with other individuals for access to food and mates. Only the successful ones are allowed to reproduce. This leads to the reproduction of certain inheritable traits into the next generation. 

Darwin W. Smith and Walter B. McRae, Energy, Structure, and Reactivity, Proceedings of the 1972 Boulder Summer Research Conference on Theoretical Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1973. 

Cebere I, Dorrell L, McShane H, Simmons A, McCormack S, Schmidt C, Smith C, Brooks M, Roberts JE, Darwin SC, Fast PE, Conlon C, Rowland-Jones S, McMichael AJ, Hanke T. Phase I clinical trial safety of DNA- and modified virus Ankara-vectored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines administered alone and in a prime-boost regime to healthy HIV-1-uninfected volunteers. Vaccine 2006 24 417-25. 

Temple F. Smith—BioMoIccular Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering, Boston University, 36 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Email tsmith darwin.bu.edu... 

Darwin, C., 1842. The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Smith, Elder and Co., London, 214 pp. 

Smith ML, Hughes RO, Levine B, Dickerson S, Darwin WD, Cone EJ. Forensic drug testing for opiates. VI. Urine testing for hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, and oxycodone with commercial opiate immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Clin Chem 1995 41 18-26. 

Smith ML, Shimomura ET, Summers J, Paul BD, Jenkins AJ, Darwin WD, et al. Urinary excretion profiles for total morphine, free morphine, and 6-acetyl-morphine following smoked and intravenous heroin. 

Rittschof D, Branscomb ES, Costlow JD (1984) Settlement and behavior in relation to flow and surface in larval barnacles, Balanus amphitrite Darwin. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 82 131-146 Smith PA, Clare AS, Rees HH, Prescott MC, Wainwright G, Thomdyke MC (2000) Identification... 

There was the Macaulay-Cripps-Hobhouse-Babington-Booth-Beatrice Webb clan. There was the Arnold-Trevelyan-Huxley-Darwin-Wedgwood clan, which contained members of the Keynes, Vaughan-Williams, Sidgwick, Cornford and Barlow families. Or the Fry-Hodgkin-Haldane-Mitchison-Butler-Faber-Adam Smith connection. Or the Stephen-Venn-Elliot-Strachey— Barnes-Shuckburgh strain, and so on. ... 

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