Small world phenomena

The paper by Tanaka et al. [168] investigates small world phenomena in several libraries obtained directly from the ZINC DB [184] and from virtual libraries constructed from structurally diverse fragments. By contrast, the paper of Kiein and Sukumar [169] undertakes a much more comprehensive analysis based on a nnmber of different sets of CS descriptors applied not only to CSs but also to their subspaces associated with activity cliffs. A recent paper from Bajorath s group [172] also addresses subnetworks associated with activity cliffs. Obviously, these analyses can be extended to other landscape features such as similarity cliffs (see Sect 1.2.4). 

It is envisaged that most complex naturally occurring networks are driven by small world networks. Thus, the model developed and implemented in this work is inspired from Boolean networks (Thomas and Kauffman, 2001a 2001b Silvescu and Honavar, 2001 Albert, 2004), weight matrices (Weaver et al, 1999 and Ando and Iba, 2001) and small world phenomenon (Milgram, 1967 Watts and Strogatz, 1998 ... 

As structural approaches to the analysis of power 1 consider three theories that can be widely inscribed in the social network analysis literature (Wasserman and Faust, 1994) the power dependence theory the theory of structural holes, and network theories inspired by the small world phenomenon. According to these approaches power, as other actors behaviors and characteristics, arises from the structure of the system, where structure refers to the web (with its proper scale, scope and shape) of relational ties among actors in the system. 

The small-world effect, meaning that most pairs of vertices are connected by a short path through the network. This phenomenon has two explanations. First, the concept of "shortcuts" through a network allows to join two distant vertices by a small number of edges (Watts, 1999). 

Flame. Accdg to the Encyclopedia Britannica (1964) 9, 413—16, flame, as a phenomenon of the physical world, is generally understood to be burning gas. Its prerequisite is (he formation of an explosive mixture, eg firedamp and air. If such a mixture is ignited (by spark or small flame), combustion spreads... 

The oldest, most well-established chemical separation technique is precipitation. Because the amount of the radionuclide present may be very small, carriers are frequently used. The carrier is added in macroscopic quantities and ensures the radioactive species will be part of a kinetic and thermodynamic equilibrium system. Recovery of the carrier also serves as a measure of the yield of the separation. It is important that there is an isotopic exchange between the carrier and the radionuclide. There is the related phenomenon of co-precipitation wherein the radionuclide is incorporated into or adsorbed on the surface of a precipitate that does not involve an isotope of the radionuclide or isomorphously replaces one of the elements in the precipitate. Examples of this behavior are the sorption of radionuclides by Fe(OH)3 or the co-precipitation of the actinides with LaF3. Separation by precipitation is largely restricted to laboratory procedures and apart from the bismuth phosphate process used in World War II to purify Pu, has little commercial application. 

Reports of high incidences of aspirin resistance may be due to laboratory measurements based on nonspecific methods that do not isolate the response of platelet COX-1 to aspirin or due to an inadequate dose required to fully inhibit the COX-1 in selected patients. Clopidogrel nonresponsiveness is a consistent phenomenon observed in research studies conducted at multiple medical centers around the world. Data from small studies support that patients with high ex vivo platelet reactivity to ADP during and after percutaneous intervention may be at greatest risk for subsequent ischemic events. 

This phenomenon would be of little interest here were it not for some experiments conducted by an American scientist named Warmke during World War II. Treating marijuana plants with colchicine, he obtained a number of triploid and tetraploid and tetraploid plants had about the same average activity (though individual plants varied by a factor of eight) which was about twice chat of the normal diploid strains. He used 26 different plants of each variety and his data were statistically significant. Unfortunately, he worked with an acetone extract of the plants and his assay animals were small fish, making it doubtful whether his data have any relation to cannabinoid content. 

Elephants and moths are unlikely mates, so scientists and the general public were surprised when it was discovered that one of the world s largest living land animals, the Asian elephant Elephas mctximus), shares its female sex pheromone with some 140 species of moth (Rasmussen et al., 1996). The compound is a small, volatile molecule (Z)-7-dodecen-l-yl acetate. The shared use of a compound as a signal illustrates a relatively common phenomenon of independent evolution of particular molecules as... 

Till date, the self-organization phenomenon which occurs spontaneously and nonlinear chemical dynamics far from thermodynamic equilibrium has been exhaustively explored by numerous scientists all across the world [122-129]. Such self-organization is a signature of living systems, where various small units... 

---