Small molecular compounds

The Laser Desorption Ionization (LDI) was investigated by Franz Hillenkamp and Michael Karas [2, 3], LDI involved sample bombardment with short and intense pulses from a laser light to effect both desorption and ionization of the analyte molecules. It has become a soft desorption ionization method for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules and small molecular compounds. The MALDI technique was improved by Koichi Tanaka. 

One of the practical advantages of MSI is the ability to acquire distribution images much faster than traditional methods (23). A DESI experiment reported only 80 min for the measurement of a whole-body section of a mouse (88). The fact that DESI does not need any previous sample preparation encouraged other groups to use DESI to locate small molecular compounds in single organs or whole-body sections (89,90). 

Here we show how to modify the piezoelectric surface to develop affinity sensors for detection of small molecular compounds using antibodies and (acetyl)cholinesterases (AChE), respectively. The chemical structures of the described surface modifications are shown in Fig. 

Thus, some endogenous small molecular compounds that are able to mimic the biological effect of the natural neurotrophic factors, or to stimulate their synthesis and secretion, might be promising candidates for pharmaceutical agents of various neurodegenerative diseases. Sex hormones, thyroid hormones, vitamin D and their derivatives are already known to affect survival and differentiation of dissociated mouse embryo brain in cultures or in cultured rat septal neurons. However, application of these hormones to patients with normal hormone function... 

When fungi run out of a limiting nitrogen source (or other mineral source) they start producing secondary metabolites (Fig 3.19). These are small molecular compounds excreted into the environment. They are called secondary because they are not produced during unlimited growth (primary growth). 

The set of in situ techniques apphed to better understand sihcalite-1 synthesis can be categorized into three groups (i) physicochemical methods that study chemical or thermodynamic properties of the synthesis, (ii) molecular methods that mostly look at the small (molecular) compounds in the synthesis mixture, and (iii) diffraction and scattering techniques probing the crystaUinity and size of growing particles in the synthesis mixture. Finally, some of these methods can be combined in one characterization effort as is discussed later. 

A sufficiently high vacuum is required to remove the butanediol and the small amount of water formed in the polycondensation stage. The Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has applied the cold trap technique in the flow line of a PBS preparation. It is reported that the cold trap can reach -120°C and so cause the small molecular material formed in the condensation stage to condense and can keep a stable high vacuum and improve the removal of small molecular compounds. Consequently, PBS with higher than 2 X 1(T can be prepared via this technology. 

Current classification of chemical substances is also limited in reflecting the structural characters of polymer compounds. Chemical substances can be divided into pure substances and their mixtures. The pure substances can be further divided into elements and compounds. Polymer compounds, as a typical soft matter, can change their molecular shapes (conformations) to a large extent, and may contain multiple chemical components in each macromolecule to behave like a mixture. Accordingly, as pure substances, they are more complicated than normal small molecular compounds. In 1990, Wunderlich proposed to divide all chemical compounds into three classes (Wunderlich 1990) ... 

Both the structural and functional properties of a protein depend ultimately on the nature and sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain or chains of which it is composed. This is referred to as its primary structure and the peptide bonds that join the various amino acids together are strong covalent bonds. The primary structure of a protein may be compared with the structural formula of a small molecular compound, but protein chains do not usually exist either in a simple extended linear form or as a random coil. Instead they have a specific three-dimensional structure which is predetermined by the primary structure and which, in turn, determines their biological characteristics. 

A summary of amino acid metabolism is given in Figure 19.2. Amino acids are used for protein synthesis and as N and C donors for the synthesis of other types of macromolecule, e.g. the nucleic acids as well as numerous small molecular compounds. After deamination, i.e. removal of the amino group, the carbon skeleton may be used for the formation of glucose or even fats or it may be oxidized to CO2 and water with the production of metabolic energy. Decarboxylation, i.e. removal of the carboxyl group of certain of the amino acids, leads to the production of biogenic amines such as histamine, serotonin and y-aminobutyrate. 

From 1997 to 1998 he was a professor of physics at the Physics Institute of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and from 1998 to 2006 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Universite de Marne la Vallee, dose to Paris. Since fall 2006 he has been a professor of chemistry at Universite de Strasbourg. His main areas of interest are molecular quantum dynamics, quantum chemistry, and high resolution spectroscopy of small molecular compounds. 

Thus, current studies focus on the inhibition of PHDs by small molecular compounds to modulate HIF activity. 

Immunogold Electron Microscopic Quantification of Small Molecular Compounds and Proteins at Synapses and Other Neural Profiles... 

For amino acids or other small molecular compounds, there are no knockout specificity test systems. Before performing immunogold experiments, we test antibodies against such molecules on dot blots against a battery of low molecular weight... 

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