Small intestine , in rat

Talavera, S. et al., Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the small intestine in rats, J. Nutr., 134, 2275, 2004. 

With one important exception, dioxoles and oxathioles do not appear to be a particularly toxic class of compounds. The exception is 1,2-oxathiolane 2,2-dioxide (propane sultone) which produces brain tumors, leukaemias and adenocarcinomas of the small intestine in rats treated with 28 mg kg-1 orally twice a week for 60 weeks. If the toxicity is associated with its ability to act as an alkylating agent, then higher homologs should have similar, but reduced, carcinogenic potential. 

Ward, J.M. (1974) Morphogenesis of chemically induced neoplasms of the colon and small intestine in rats. Lab. Invest. 30, 505-513. 

The hydroxylation of tyrosine into dopa is catalysed by tyrosinase, that of tryptophane into 5-hydroxytryptophane is probably catalysed by a specific tryptophane-5-hydroxylase but other workers were not able to isolate the latter from the mucosa of the small intestine in rats and guine2i-pigs/ " But recently it was possible by means of isotope techniques to demonstrate tryptophanehydroxylase in carcinoid tissue as well as in human platelets. (1864) 5-Hydroxylation of tryptophane seems to be the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of serotonin. Tryptophanehydroxylase is strongly inhibited in vivo by / -chlorophenylalanine. Initial therapeutic trials with the called drug in carcinoid patients resulted in a marked improvement of intestinal symptoms but did not prevent the attacks of flushing. ... 

GE binds extensively to both specific and nonspecific binding sites of human and rat plasma albumin. GE is distributed mainly into the hver and minimally to other body compartments such as heart, spleen, pancreas, kidney, muscle, adipose tissue, and small intestines in rats. Such distribution profile may be similar in human as well [3]. 

Eaker EY, Sninsky CA (1989) Effect of berbtaine on myoelectric activity and transit of the small intestine in rats. Gastroenterology 96(6) 1506-1513... 

The two major sites of P-carotene conversion are the intestine and liver in hnmans. The liver seems to have a greater capacity for metabolizing P-carotene to vitamin A than the intestine. " In rats, BCO activity was also reported to be higher in the small intestine and liver, followed by brain, Inng, and kidney. In agreement with the tissne distribntion of BCO activity, high levels of hnman BCO mRNA were reported in the jejnnnm, liver, and kidney, whereas lower levels were present in the prostate, testes, ovaries, and skeletal mnscles. 

However, this will also prevent the formation of other cytotoxic species such as the hydroxyl radical. Further evidence that antioxidants prevent against the development of I/R injury comes from studies that show that previous ischaemic injury in the small intestine of rats results in prevention of further damage on subsequent ischaemic challenge in association with measured increases in mucosal glutathione peroxidase and catalase (Osborne et al., 1992). 

In additon to the central role of endocannabinoids in the regulation of feeding behaviour, a peripheral role has also been described. Gomez and coworkers [360] reported that food deprivation produced a 7-fold reduction in (1) levels in the small intestine of rats, but not in the brain or stomach. Intestinal (1) levels returned to normal when feeding resumed. The authors also showed that peripheral, but not central administration of (382) reduced food intake. The endocannabinoid system has also been reported to regulate peripheral lipogenesis [361]. 

R Hober, J Hober. Experiments on the absorption of organic solutes in the small intestine of rats. J Cell Comp Physiol 10 401 122, 1937. 

H Daniel, C Fett, A Kratz. Demonstration and modification of intervillus pH profiles in rat small intestine in vitro. Am J Physiol 257 G489-G495, 1989. 

Clark, S. L., Jr. (1959). Ingestion of protein and colloidal material by columnar absorptive cells of the small intestine in suckling rats and mice, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 5, 41. 

Windmuller HG and Spaeth AE (1981) Vascular Autoperfusion of the Rat Small Intestine In-Situ. Methods Enzymol 77 pp 120-129. 

Plumb JA, Burston D, Baker TG, Gardner MLG (1987) A comparison of the structural integrity of several commonly used preparations of rat small intestine in vitro. Clin Sci 73 53-59. 

Zakelj S, Sturm K, Kristi A (2006) Ciprofloxacin permeability and its active secretion through rat small intestine in vitro. Int J Pharm 313 175-180. 

Gastrointestinal Effects. Intermediate-duration (30-148 days) exposure did not cause treatment-related histopathological lesions in the esophagus, stomach, small intestines, or large intestines in rats exposed to hexachlorobutadiene at dose levels up to 20 mg/kg/day (Schwetz et al. 1977) or levels up to 100 mg/kg/day (Kociba et al. 1971). Lifetime exposure at dose levels of 20 mg/kg/day (Kociba et al. 1977a) did not result in any effect on this system. 

CN160 Kalra, S., S. Mahmood, ]. P. Nagpaul, and A. Mahmood. Changes in the chemical composition of surfactantlike particles secreted by rat small intestine in response to different dietary fats. Lipids 2002 37(5) 463-468. 

Lafay S, Morand C, Manach C, Besson C, Scalbert A. 2006b. Absorption and metabolism of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid in the small intestine of rats. Br J Nutr 96 39 46. 

Around 40% of the LMW fraction is absorbed from the small intestine in the rat (14). A part of the fraction may thus be present in the epithelial cells at the time of intracellular peptide hydrolysis. The effect of the LMW fraction on the activity of two cytosol enzymes, present in a preparation from hog intestine, is shown in Table III. Glycylleucine dipeptidase, which has a broad specificity (15), was inhibited at 0.7 mg/ml of the fraction, while proline cTTpeptidase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of X-PRO (16), was not. 

Ebihara, K. and Schneeman, B.O. 1989. Interaction of bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and triglyceride with dietary fibers in the small intestine of rats. J. Nutr. 119, 1100-1106. 

Foligne, B. et al., Trophic status of the small intestine in young and aged rats Modulation by a yogurt-supplemented diet, Dig. Dis. Sci., 49, 1291, 2004. 

Reen, R.K. et al., Impairment of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and glucuronidation activities in liver and small intestine of rat and guinea pig in vitm by piperine, Biochem. Pharmacol., 46, 229,1993. 

These studies indicate 1) fermentable fiber increases the total number of viable anaerobic bacteria in the cecum, but not the stomach or small intestine of rats 2) the microfloral capacity for hydrolysis of glucuronide conjugates, for nitroreduction, and for azoreduction is elevated in fermentable fiber-fed rats 3) this increased capacity for microfloral metabolism of nitrobenzene and dinitrotoluene is correlated with an elevation in the toxicity of these nitroaromatics 4) the role fiber plays in the modulation of chemical toxicity is a function of the fiber-type and the structure of the toxicant. 

Hardcastle J, Hardcastle PT, Noble JM. 1983a. The secretory action of BaCI2 in rat small intestine in vitro. J Physiol 338 50P-51P. 

The permeability values of CNV97100, a fluoroquinolone derivative, were obtained in different segments of rat small intestine. The compound was in solution and the pH of the perfusion fluids in each segment were the same. The permeability was lower in the terminal segment of the small intestine in accordance with the higher expression level of P-gp. In order to confirm that a saturable carrier was present, experiments at different concentrations of the quinolone were performed in the ileum and also in the whole small intestine. In both cases a non-linear correlation between permeability and concentration was found where, at the higher concentrations, the permeability values were higher thanks to saturation of the secretion transporter. 

Lee, Y.S., Noguchi, T., and Naito, H. 1980. Phosphopeptides and soluble calcium in the small intestine of rats given a casein diet. Br. J. Nutr. 43, 457-467. 

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