Small-angle X-ray investigation

Parades, E. and Fischer, E.W. (1979) Small-angle X-ray investigations on the structure of crazes in polycarbonate and poly(methyl methacrylate). Makromol. Chem., 180, 2707. 

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) [19] has been widely used to investigate the inhomogeneous electron density in materials [20]. In carbonaceous materials, porosity is commonly encountered. The pores form and provide escape routes for gases produced during the pyrolysis process. 

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), circular dichroism (CD), and UV spectroscopy at different temperatures were used to investigate the nature of calf-thymus DNA in aqueous solution, in the presence of [Me Sn] " (n = 1-3) species. The results demonstrate that the [MeSn(IV)] moiety does not influence the structure and conformation of the DNA double helix, and does not degrade DNA, as indicated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Inter alia, the radii of gyration, Rg, of the cross section of native calf-thymus DNA, determined by SAXS in aqueous solution in the presence of [Me Sn] " (n = 1-3) species are constant and independent of the nature and concentration of the [Me Sn] species. 

Detailed TEM investigations as well as small-angle X-ray diffractometry show the clusters organized via their edges, as is indicated in Figure 17b. 

In the third part of the chapter the solid state properties of our block copolymer are examined. The surface energies of these materials are characterized by contact angle measurements. The organization of the polymer chains in the solid state phase is investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and the gas selectivity of porous membranes coated with these block copolymers is characterized by some preliminary permeation measurements. 

Bouwstra JA, Gooris GS, vd Spek JA, Bras W (1991) Structural investigations of human stratum corneum by small-angle X-ray scattering. J Invest Dermatol 97 1005-1012. 

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering studies have shown the existence of a further pressure induced gel phase in DPPC bilayers." " Pressure dependent NMR studies yielded complementary information on the pressure-induced gel phases. The gel state of DPPC bilayers shows a variation in lineshapes which depend on the particular pressure and temperature. The types of lineshapes seen in a high pressure investigation of dg2-DPPC by Jonas et al. are... 

Water-in-fluorocarbon emulsions, stabilised with fluorinated nonionic surfactants, were investigated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) spectroscopy [8,99]. The results indicated that the continuous oil phase comprised an inverse micellar solution, or water-in-oil microemulsion, with a water content of 5 to 10%. However, there was no evidence of a liquid crystalline layer at the w/o interface. A subsequent study using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) spectroscopy gave similar results [100]. 

Neutron, X-Ray and Light Scattering Introduction to an Investigative Tool for Colloidal and Polymeric Systems, P. Lindner. T. Zemb, North-Holland. Amsterdam, 1991 Small Angle X-Ray Scattering, O. Glatter, O. Kratky. Eds., Academic Press, New York. 1982. 

---