Slope, generally negative

The constants of the two equations are connected by the relationships kfo = k - 0.5. Given that, for flexible polymers, the k values vary between 0.3 and 0.5, the slope of Kraemer equation is generally negative, with absolute values lower than the Huggins slope. This helps in the extrapolation procedure which is conveniently made, in order to reduce experimental uncertainties, by plotting in the same graph the viscosity data according to Eqs. (5) and (6), as shown in the example of Fig. 1. 

The relationship between G and T. Note the general similarity to Figure 6.9, with the exception that the slopes are negative. 

Coin and Button Cell Commercial Systems. Initial commercialization of rechargeable lithium technology has been through the introduction of coin or button cells. The eadiest of these systems was the Li—C system commercialized by Matsushita Electric Industries (MEI) in 1985 (26,27). The negative electrode consists of a lithium alloy and the positive electrode consists of activated carbon [7440-44-0J, carbon black, and binder. The discharge curve is not flat, but rather slopes from about 3 V to 1.5 V in a manner similar to a capacitor. Use of lithium alloy circumvents problems with cycle life, dendrite formation, and safety. However, the system suffers from generally low energy density. 

It should also be noted that the suggestion has been made that, at extremely low concentrations (<0.1 g./lOO ml. of solution), a negative slope occurs in the ij P/c versus c curves.129 If this is a general phenomenon, a radical alteration in viscometric technique may be necessary. 

Surface tensions for the interface between air and aqueous solutions generally display one of the three forms indicated schematically in Figure 7.14. The type of behavior indicated by curves 1 and 3 indicates positive adsorption of the solute. Since dy/dc and therefore dy/d In c are negative, E must be positive. On the other hand, the positive slope for curve 2 indicates a negative surface excess, or a surface depletion of the solute. Note that the magnitude of negative adsorption is also less than that of positive adsorption. 

---