Skalak

Evans FA, Skalak R (1980) Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Biomembranes, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FI... 

This chapter was supported in part by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Research Grant HL 16851. The author also wishes to thank R. Skalak for his valuable discussions and comments. 

Implementing Concurrent Engineering in Small Companies, Susan Carlson Skalak... 

This chapter will focus on infinitely-extended suspensions in which potential complications introduced by the presence of walls are avoided. The only wall-effect case that can be treated with relative ease is the interaction of a sphere with a plane wall (Goldman et ai, 1967a,b). The presence of walls can lead to relevant suspension rheological effects (Tozeren and Skalak, 1977 Brunn, 1981), which result from the existence of particle depeletion boundary layers (Cox and Brenner, 1971) in the proximity of the walls arising from the finite size of the suspended spheres. Going beyond the dilute and semidilute regions considered by the authors just mentioned is the ad hoc percolation approach, in which an infinite cluster—assumed to occur above some threshold particle concentration—necessarily interacts with the walls (cf. Section VI). 

G. W. Schmid-Schonbein, S. Usami, R. Skalak, and S. Chien, The Interaction of Leukocytes and Erythrocytes in Capillary and Postcapillary, Microvasculatory Research 19 (1980) 45-70. 

T. J. Pedley, The Fluid Mechanics of the Large Blood Vessels (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980) R. Skalak, N. Ozkaya and T. C. Skalak, Biofluid mechanics, Annual Rev. Fluid Mech. 21, 167-204 (1989). 

Jaffe GJ, McCallum RM, Branchaud B, Skalak C, Butuner Z, Ashton P. Long-term follow-up results of a pilot trial of a fluocinolone acetonide implant to treat posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology 2005 112 1192-1198. 

Price RJ, Owens GK, Skalak TC (1994) Immunohistochemical identification of arteriolar development using markers of smooth muscle differentiation. Evidence that capillary arterialization proceeds from terminal arterioles. Circ Res 75 520-527... 

Evans, . Skalak, R. Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Biomembranes CRC Press Boca Raton Fla., 1980 pp 1-234. 

Skalak, R. 1985. Aspects of biomechanical considerations. In Tissue Integrated Prostheses, P.I. Branemark, G. Zarb, and T. Albrektsson (Eds.), pp. 117-128, Chicago, Quintessence. 

Skalak T.C. Angiogenesis and microvascular remodeling a brief history and future roadmap. 

Peirce S.M., Van Gieson E.J., and Skalak T.C. Multicellular simulation predicts microvascular... 

The description of the mechanical deformation of the membrane is cast in terms of principal force restiltants and principal extension ratios of the surface. The force resultants, like conventional three-dimensional strains, are generally expressed in terms of a tensorial quantity, the components of which depend on coordinate rotation. For the purposes of describing the constitutive behavior of the surface, it is convenient to express the surface resultants in terms of rotationally invariant quantities. These can be either the principal force resultants Ni and Nj, or the isotropic resultant N and the maximum shear resultant Ns- The surface strain is also a tensorial quantity, but maybe expressed in terms of the principal extension ratios of the surface. >.1 and Xj- The rate of surface shear deformation is given by (Evans and Skalak, 1979] ... 

For a simple, two-dimensional, incompressible, hyperelastic material, the relationship between the membrane shear force resultant Ns and the material deformation is [Evans and Skalak, 1979]... 

Chien, S., Sung, K.L.P., Skalak, R., and Usami, S. 1978. Theoretical and experimental studies on viscoelastic properties of erythrocyte membrane. Biophys. J. 24 463-487. 

Dong, C., Skalak, R., and Sung, K.-L.P. 1991. Cytoplasmic rheology of passive neutrophils. Biorheology 28 557-567. 

Fischer, T.M., Haest, C.W.M., Stohr-Liesen, M., Schmid-Schonbein,H., and Skalak, R. 1981. The stress-free shape of the red blood cell membrane. Biophys. J. 34 409--422. 

Basic information on the mechanical analysis of biomembrane deformation can be found in Evans and Skalak [1979], which also appeared as a book under the same title (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1980). A more recent work that focuses more closely on the structural basis of the membrane properties is Berk et al, chapter 15, pp. 423-454, in the book Red Blood Cell Membranes Structure, Function, Clinical Implications edited by Peter Agre and John Parker, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989. More detail about the membrane structure can be found in other chapters of that book. 

FIGURE 61.3 Tracing of a typical lymphatic channel (bottom panel) in rat spinotrapezius muscle after injection with a micropipette of a carbon contrast suspension. All lymphatics are of the initial type and are closely associated with the arcade arterioles. Few lymphatics follow the path of the arcade venules, or their side branches, the collecting venules or the transverse arterioles. (From Skalak et al., 1986. In A.R. Hargens (Ed.) Tissue Nutrition and Viabilityy pp. 243-262, Springer-Verlag, New York. With permission.)... 

FIGURE 61.4 Histological cross sections of lymphatics (LYM) in rat skeletal muscle before (a) and after (b) con traction of the paired arcade arterioles (ART). The lymphatic channel is of the initial type with a single attenuated endothelial layer (curved arrows). Note, that in the dilated arteriole, the lymphatic is essentially compressed (a) while the lymphatic is expanded after arteriolar contraction (b) which is noticeable by the folded endothelial cells in the arteriolar lumen. In both cases, the lumen cross-sectional shape of the initial lymphatic channels is highly irregular. All lymphatics in skeletal muscle have these characteristic features. (From Skalak T.C., Schmid-Schonbein G.W., and Zweifach B.W. 1984. Microvasc. Res. 28 95.)... 

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