Sinus gland

Bulau P, Meisen I, Schmitz T, Keller R, Peter-Katalinic J. 2004. Identification of neuropeptides from the sinus gland of the crayfish Orconectes limosus using nanoscale on-line liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Pro-teomics 3 558. 

The similarity of the crustacean blanching substance (Factor A) found in crustacean sinus glands and insect corpora cardiaca has been confirmed by the structural identification of a family of neuropeptides common to arthropods. The first identified member of this family is RPCH (red pigment concentrating hormone), an octapeptide (pGlu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ser-Pro-Gly-Trp-amide) isolated from eyestalks of the shrimp Pandalus borealis (28). Shortly thereafter, a related peptide--designated as adipokinetic hormone (AKH)--was purified from locust... 

A series of peptides, the one of greatest interest being a hypoglycemic octapeptide hormone, were isolated from a crude extract of shrimp sinus glands using a C,g column (A = 206 nm) using a 100-min 100/0/0.1 (hold 5 min) -> 40/60/0.1 water/ acetonitrile/TFA gradient [1291]. The peptide peaks of interest were eluted in the 50-80 min timeframe. 

Fu, Q., Goy, M. F., li, L. (2005) Identification of neuropeptides fi om the decapod crustacean sinus glands using nanoscale liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Biothem Biophys Res Commun, 337, 765-778. 

Newcomb, R.W. Peptides in the Sinus Gland of Cardisoma carnifex Isolation and Amino Acid Analysis. J. Comp. Physiol. 153, 207 (1983). 

Fig. 2.11 (a) Dissection of VNC — Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus). Cl-C3 = Para-septal cartilage bars LV = ventral vein NC = arterioles/capillary network SV = dorsal vein and VNw = ventral wall (from Schilling, 1970). Vomeronasal complex in murine Rodents. Comparison of LS with TS in Rat (b) LS (horizontal). VV = vascular sinus arrow = venous diverticulum = VN lumen and NE = neuroepithelium (from Larriva-Sahd, 1994). (c) TS (coronal). G = glands RFE = non-sensory epithelium (from Mendoza, 1993). 

The control of metabolism, growth, and reproduction is mediated by a combination of neural and endocrine systems located in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The pituitary weighs about 0.6 g and rests at the base of the brain in the bony sella turcica near the optic chiasm and the cavernous sinuses. The pituitary consists of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) (Figure 37-1). It is connected to the overlying hypothalamus... 

Electron micrographs of these glands show structures which would be in keeping with this interpretation614. Arising from the basal lamina are numerous membranous infoldings. The lateral membranes are closed by tight junctions at the lumenal surface but freely open into to blood sinuses on the serosal surface. The lumenal surface contains many microvilli (Fig. 6). 

The antibacterial enzyme lysozyme is also found in nasal secretions. Lysozyme is produced by the epithelium and mucus glands where it can attack the cell walls of susceptible microorganisms, its action being optimal at the slightly acidic microclimate pH. The pH of nasal mucus varies with age, sleep, rest, emotion, infection, and diet. When it is cold, or during rhinitis or sinusitis, the pH tends to be alkaline, which deactivates the lysozyme in mucus and therefore increases the risk of microbial infection. Under normal conditions, the nasal secretions, as indicated earlier, have a pH of 5.5 to 6.5, which is the optimum pH for the activity of lysozyme. 

Sinus discomfort Skin irritation Skin rash Sleep disturbances Slurred speech Sneezing Swollen glands Tendonitis Trembling Unusual thirst Vertigo Vomiting... 

If a major salivary gland is lost from trauma or disease, or if nasal allergies or sinus infections cause persistent mouth-breathing, or if tobacco smoking persists, the oral cavity becomes dry (xerostomia). The oral mucosa and teeth become covered with bacteria and dental caries and periodontal disease become difficult to control. The functions of whole... 

Pituitary adenomas presenting in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx are distinctly unusual and can be divided into two types invasive and ectopic.Invasive sinonasal pituitary adenomas are secondary to downward proliferation of a primary sellar tumor. This event occurs in about 2% of all sellar tumors.Ectopic adenomas are those that arise from aberrant embryogenesis of the pituitary gland. 

Overexpression of ErbB-2 is associated with a decreased disease-free survival in intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the paranasal sinuses (Gallo et al, 1998), palatal salivary gland neoplasms (Giannoni et al, 1995), and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary gland (Press et al, 1994). 

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