Single-photon fluorescence applications

D. J. S. Birch, R. E. Imhof and C. Guo, Fluorescence decay studies using multiplexed time-correlated single-photon counting application to aminotetraphenylporphyrins, /. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 42, 223-231 (1988). 

K. J. Willis, A. G. Szabo, and D. T. Krajcarski, The use of Stokes Raman scattering in time correlated single photon counting Application to the fluorescence lifetime of tyrosinate,... 

Summary. This Chapter focuses on the investigation of fast electron transport studies in solids irradiated at relativistic laser intensities. Experimental techniques based upon space-resolved spectroscopy are presented in view of their application to both ultrashort Ka X-ray sources and fast ignition studies. Spectroscopy based upon single-photon detection is unveiled as a complementary diagnostic technique, alternative to well established techniques based upon bent crystals. Application of this technique to the study of X-ray fluorescence emission from fast electron propagation in multilayer targets is reported and explored as an example case. 

Time correlated single photon counting is a well-established technique that has been used to measure fluorescence lifetimes since the mid-1960 s. These early experiments, which used a variety of flashlamps and gaseous gap-discharge arcs as the excitation source, were reviewed by Ware [47, 48] in 1971. The traditional light sources have been replaced by laser sources in recent experiments, thus markedly extending the range of applications of this technique. Particularly well suited excitation sources for this method are the mode-locked lasers and synchronously pumped dye lasers which are capable of operation at MHz repetition rates. 

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