Single landmark

While the history of CA can be traced back to early Systems Theory and rigorous mathematical analyses conducted primarily by Russian researchers in the 1930s and 40s, their more recent incarnation as simple models of complexity in nature can arguably be traced to a single landmark review paper published by Wolfram in the Reviews of Modern Physics in 1983 [wolf83a]. 

Given the state of the art around 1980, Bergman s and Graham s findings were indeed a landmark since they proved for the first time that transition metal compounds were capable of intermolecular oxidative addition to single C—H... 

In what many consider to be a landmark publication on metabolomics, Fiehn et al. (2000) state it is crucial to perform unbiased (metabolite) analyses in order to define precisely the biochemical function of plant metabolism. The authors argue that for metabolomics/metabolite profiling to become a robust and sensitive method suited to automation, a mature technology such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is required as an analytical technique. The authors go on to describe a simple sample preparation and analysis regime that allowed for the detection and quantification of more than 300 compounds from a single-leaf sample extract. 

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction is without question the most important and powerful technique for determining crystal and molecular structures, and applications of this technique led to many of the most important scientific advances that took place during the twentieth century. Scientific landmarks such as the determination of the structure of DNA 50 years ago [ 1 ] and determination of the structure of haemoglobin [2] provide potent illustrations of this point. There is every reason to expect that the central importance of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, both in the physical and in the biological sciences, will be sustained... 

Oxidative addition of H2 to a metal has been well characterized only in recent years from a structural point of view nsing single-crystal nentron diffraction. Back in the mid-1980s, Knbas etal. made a landmark discovery when they first reported that H2 can exist as a discrete ligand in the stable organometalhc complex molecnle W(CO)3(H2) (P Pt3)3. Snbseqnent structural characterization (using nentron diffraction) showed that the H2 ligand was bound to... 

Figure 9-5 The sensitivity of the conceptus to a theoretical teratogen during rat gestation (modified from 161). The most susceptible window is organogenesis with low levels of vulnerability at the time of implantation and the period of functional maturation. Superimposed are the approximations of when the developmental landmarks that are represented in the four in vitro tests occur. The chick embryo neural retina model (CENR) represents events around GD 10-13. The mouse embryonic stem cell test (EST) corresponds roughly to the period of GD 6-10 in the rat, near the peak of sensitivity. Whole embryo culture (WEC) recapitulates the window at the peak of sensitivity, between GD 9-11 or GD 10-12 depending upon the window within which the culture is conducted. Rabbit cultures are also done between GD 10-12. Represented by the single ( ) and double asterisk ( ), respectively, are the initiation and termination of the dosing period in regulatory compliant preclinical embryo/fetal toxicity studies. Thus, the zebrafish is the only model that permits exposure to test article during this important period.

---