Single Discovery

People often ask Who discovered dark matter The dark matter story is a typical scientific revolution (Kuhn 1970, Tremaine 1987). As often in a paradigm shift, there is no single discovery, the new concept was developed step-by-step. 

When asked to name his most important scientific discovery, Houk first names, as a single discovery, his development of FMO explanations of selectivity in pericyclic reactions, most notably expressed in the idea of torquoselectivity. Houk believes that more important has been the general impact his research has had on science. Our work has helped establish computational methods as a real strong partner with experiment, he says. His claim to fame, be believes, is that he s the synthetic chemist s go-to-guy when it comes to computations. ... 

Perhaps no single discovery in the chemical industry has had greater effect on that industry than the discovery in the 1930 s of commercial methods for making synthetic organic polymers. The basic discoveries... 

It can be stated that not a single discovery of contemporary geology (palaeontology, paleoecology) contradicts a possible downfall of the civilisation of cultural mankind". 

The equation does not take into account such pertubation factors as steric effects, solvent effects, and ion-pair formation. These factors, however, may be neglected when experiments are carried out in the same solvent at the same temperature and concentration for an homogeneous set of substrates. So, for a given ambident nucleophile the rate ratio kj/kj will depend on A and B, which vary with (a) the attacked electrophilic center, (b) the solvent, and (c) the counterpart cationic species of the anion. The important point in this kind of study is to change only one parameter at a time. This simple rule has not always been followed, and little systematic work has been done in this field (12) stiH widely open after the discovery of the role played by single electron transfer mechanism in ambident reactivity (1689). 

The name naphthenic acid is derived from the early discovery of monobasic carboxyUc acids in petroleum, with these acids being based on a saturated single-ring stmcture. The low molecular weight naphthenic acids contain alkylated cyclopentane carboxyUc acids, with smaller amounts of cyclohexane derivatives occurring. The carboxyl group is usually attached to a side chain rather than direcdy attached to the cycloalkane. The simplest naphthenic acid is cyclopentane acetic acid [1123-00-8] (1, n = 1). 

Tetracarbaboranes, which contain four carbon atoms in a single polyhedral skeleton, were rare until the discovery (129) of the metaHacarborane-mediated synthesis of (CH3)4C4BgHg [58815-26-2]. 

In the past, chloroform was used extensively as a surgical anesthetic, but this use was abandoned because exposure to narcotic concentrations often resulted in sudden death from effects on the heart and circulation or from severe injury to the Hver. In addition, chloroform for this and other consumer uses was harmed by FDA in 1976 with the discovery that it is carcinogenic in mice (38). When splashed into the eye, chloroform causes local pain and irritation, but serious injury is not expected. Skin contact for single, brief exposures ordinarily causes Htde or no local irritation. 

This slow diffusion of a crucial new technique can be compared with the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) by Binnig and Rohrer, first made public in 1983, like X-ray diffraction rewarded with the Nobel Prize 3 years later, but unlike X-ray diffraction quickly adopted throughout the world. That invention, of comparable importance to the discoveries of 1912,now(2 decades later) has sprouted numerous variants and has virtually created a new branch of surface science. With it, investigators can not only see individual surface atoms but they can also manipulate atoms singly (Eigler and Schweitzer 1990). This rapid adoption of... 

In the theoretical carbon nanotube literature, the focus is on single-wall tubules, cylindrical in shape with caps at each end, such that the two caps can be joined together to form a fullerene. The cylindrical portions of the tubules consist of a single graphene sheet that is shaped to form the cylinder. With the recent discovery of methods to prepare single-w alled nanotubes[4,5), it is now possible to test the predictions of the theoretical calculations. 

---