Sine-wave diagram

See Figure 6.5, where diagram (b) is a Mohr diagram and diagram (a) will be called a sine-wave diagram. 

The acids destroy most of the epidermis. Histologically, the basal layer does not form the perfect sine wave that is usually shown in diagrams. On the contrary, the keratinocytes are embedded deeply and unevenly in the dermis and form the deep dermal papillae . 

Summary. The variation of compressive stress with direction in a principal plane can be represented in three equivalent ways—by an ellipse, a sine-wave or a Mohr circle. The variation is fixed by just the two extreme values, tjy and (T3 or 02 and (T3 or and ffj- The different diagrams are simply visualizations of the original statement... 

Explain what is meant by a two bit ADC and draw a diagram to illustrate the outcome of such a ADC being used to digitize a sine wave. 

Schematic diagrams of the instrumentation for the ANL capacitive flowmeter are given in Fig. 6.20. A 100-kHz sine-wave oscillator, with stable frequency and amplitude controls, was used to pulse the drive electrode. Each sensing electrode was connected to a current-to-voltage converter preamplifier. The preamplifier outputs were bandpass filtered at 100 kHz 5 Hz and amplitude-demodulated. The demodulated signals were amplified and DC-coupled to a first-order low-pass filter to give density signals.

A schematic diagram of the instrumentation for the capacitive flowmeter is presented in Fig. 6.31. The drive electrode was driven by 100-kHz sine waves... 

Now suppose that we have two such sine waves superimposed with different amplitudes and different frequencies. In the next figure, the superposition of two sine waves of different frequencies is represented. The result is an interference pattern with beats in it. In the representation of amplitude vs. frequency there are two spikes with horizontal coordinates corresponding to the appropriate frequencies. One can continue to add sinusoidal waves to both diagrams and see that the pattern in the amplitude vs. time diagram becomes increasingly complex, while in the amplitude vs. frequency diagram one simply adds more spikes to the curve. 

One way of visualizing SHM is to im ine a point rotating around a circle of radius rat a constant angular velocity to. If the distance from the centre of the circle to the projection of this point on a vertical diameter is y at time t, this projection of the point will move about the centre of the circle with simple harmonic motion. A graph of y gainst t will be a sine wave, whose equation is y = isintot (see diagram). See also pendulum. 

Generally, the amplitude (a) is half the peak-to-peak value. There is a simple relationship between the wavelength [X) and the frequency fl, i.e. X = df, where els the speed of propagation. The energy transferred by a progressive sine wave (see diagram) is proportional to a f. See also simple harmonic... 

The time derivative as well as the time integral of a sine wave is also a sine wave of the same frequency, but phase-shifted 90°. The relationship between a sine wave and the circle is seen more directly in the complex notation of a radius r rotating around the origin in the Wessel diagram ... 

Figure 8.29 Circuit diagram of the modified synchronous detector (a), and the approximated sine waves with suppressed fifth harmonic (b) and its spectrum (c), and with suppressed third...

The harmonic pattern of a full wave diode bridge is well known and well documented in literature. In the diagram of Figure 2, six diodes are used for full wave rectification of a three phase AC supply, feeding the intermediate DC circuit of a VFD. The AC current will exhibit a 6 pulse pattern, resulting from each half of the AC sine wave conducting via a particular diode. This AC current does not have a pure sinusoidal shape anymore it now includes the combination of a fundamental component (50 or 60 Hz) to which additional frequencies are superimposed. 

The network of three RC filters, as shown in the diagram, has to "delay" the sine wave a total of 180° in order for the circuit to start oscillating. Each RC pair delays it 60°. (This "delay line" plus the top wire are a positive "feedback loop.")... 

In between these two extremes, one can have a general sine wave motion in which each unit is out of phase with its neighbor by an amount, 6, where 6 is less than 180° and greater than 0° as is iDustrated at the bottom diagram of Fig. 10. 

The block diagram of the closed-loop calibration procedure is illustrated in Fig. 10 where the sine wave test signal from a generator is added to the closed-loop signal in the summation unit. The signal disturbance introduced into the closed-loop and the output response are measured by an external 2 channel analog-to-digital converter. 

The influence of a commensurate lattice potential on a free density wave is considered in section 5. The full finite temperature renormalization group flow equation for this sine-Gordon type model are derived and resulting phase diagram is discussed. Furthermore a qualitative picture of the combined effect of disorder and a commensurate lattice potential at zero temperature is presented in section 6, including the phase diagram. 

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