Simultaneous optimization characteristics

The complex and often uncertain outcome of drug discovery and development processes requires the simultaneous optimization of several properties. It has now long been recognized that favorable potency and selectivity characteristics are not the sole hallmarks of a successful drug discovery program, nor is the safety profile considered to be the only hurdle to be overcome, although it is of paramount importance. The ability to prospectively predict the pharmacokinetics of new chemical entities in humans is a powerful means by which one can select for further development only those compounds with the potential to be successful therapeutic agents. 

The search for new methods of HTSC synthesis is stimulated by the necessity of combining HTSCs in various devices with certain metals, semiconductors, or dielectrics. In each particular case, the technologies should be based on a method that simultaneously ensures the stability of all the materials in the configuration as well as the optimal characteristics for performance. Therefore, multistage combined methods which have the potential for optimization are finding increased use. 

K. Takayama and T. Nagai, Simultaneous optimization for several characteristics concerning percutaneous absorption and skin damage of ketoprofen hydrogels containing d-limonene, Int. J. Pharm., 74,115-126 (1991). 

Component sizing and the power manag ent strategy are two main factors that affect the performance of the hybrid system and their optimization is usually done through multiple-parameter modeling [16]. The modeling parameters take into the account the individual characteristics of each power source and the requested load profile scenarios and allow for simultaneous optimization of all the hybrid component outputs/size. 

The design and synthesis of NLO chromophores require simultaneous optimization of properties such as /x,/3 values, absorption characteristics, thermal stability, and processibility. In general, there is a trade-off between transparency and nonlinearity for NLO dye molecules. The increase of nonlinearity of chromophores often involves a red shift of the absorption maximum. From a practical point of view, however, it is desirable that absorption at wavelengths of interest be avoided. A careful selection of the electron-donating and -with-... 

The simultaneous estimation of gross errors enhances identification performance and the accuracy of the estimation. This is a key characteristic when instruments cannot be repaired until the units are out of service. In these situations the corrected measurement data are used for control and optimization purposes. 

It has been stated that the global LSER equation (eq. 1.55) takes into consideration simultaneously the descriptors of the analyte and the composition of the binary mobile phase and it can be more easily employed than the traditional local LSER model [79], The prerequisite of the application of LSER calculations is the exact knowledge of the chemical structure and physicochemical characteristics of the analyses to be separated. Synthetic dyes as pollutants in waste water and sludge comply with these requirements, therefore in these cases LSER calculations can be used for the facilitation of the development of optimal separation strategy. 

The third block in Fig. 2.1 shows the various possible sensing modes. The basic operation mode of a micromachined metal-oxide sensor is the measurement of the resistance or impedance [69] of the sensitive layer at constant temperature. A well-known problem of metal-oxide-based sensors is their lack of selectivity. Additional information on the interaction of analyte and sensitive layer may lead to better gas discrimination. Micromachined sensors exhibit a low thermal time constant, which can be used to advantage by applying temperature-modulation techniques. The gas/oxide interaction characteristics and dynamics are observable in the measured sensor resistance. Various temperature modulation methods have been explored. The first method relies on a train of rectangular temperature pulses at variable temperature step heights [70-72]. This method was further developed to find optimized modulation curves [73]. Sinusoidal temperature modulation also has been applied, and the data were evaluated by Fourier transformation [75]. Another idea included the simultaneous measurement of the resistive and calorimetric microhotplate response by additionally monitoring the change in the heater resistance upon gas exposure [74-76]. 

However, all of these studies determine only approximate or parameterized optimal control profiles. Also, they do not consider the effect of approximation error in discretizing the ODEs to algebraic equations. In this section we therefore explore the potential of simultaneous methods for larger and more complex process optimization problems with ODE models. Given the characteristics of the simultaneous approach, it becomes important to consider the following topics ... 

An important step in the production process is the preparation of a standard specimen. This specimen is used to qualify principle production parameters such as the long-term stability of the reactive mixture, polymerization cycle, and the performance characteristics of the material obtained. Simultaneous determination of the reaction parameters allows us to use mathematical modelling to optimize the reactive processing regime. 

Multivariable controls (MVCs) are particularly well suited for controlling highly interactive fractionators where several control loops need to be simultaneously decoupled. MVCs can simultaneously consider all the process lags, and apply safety constraints and economic optimization factors in determining the required manipulations to the process. The technique of multivariable control requires the development of dynamic models based on fractionator testing and data collection. Multivariable control applies the dynamic models and historical information to predict future fractionator characteristics. For towers that are subject to many constraints, towers that have severe interactions, and towers with complex configurations, multivariable control can be a valuable tool. 

The optimization must focus on how much shaft work (or electricity) the cogeneration system should produce, given a specific product heat requirement, for present and future market conditions. The optimization must simultaneously locate the optimal capital investments, performance specifications, and operating characteristics for the system. 

The selected case study illustrates a complex product and process design. High productivity and good product quality can be achieved simultaneously only if the reaction conditions are well controlled. However, in a batch process the degrees of freedom for reactor sizing are quite limited. The optimality of the design arises from a better operation procedure, but mainly by changing drastically the chemistry. This characteristic is shared by other batch processes. 

Works on increase of an overall performance of HHP were simultaneously carried out. For example, in [2] a number of the factors influencing specific output power of HHP has been considered. Properties of metal hydrides (absorbing ability, speeds of reactions, porosity of a covering, the characteristic of a heat transmission of a hydride bed) were analyzed for optimum selection. It has been shown that in pressings from powder metal hydrides gas permeability and effective specific heat conductivity of a bed Xes should be in common optimized in the certain range of a weight share of an additional heat-conducting material. 

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