Simple Chemical Names

The most simple compounds are those which contain only two elements, one metallic and one non-metallic (explained later). The metal is given the full element name, and the non-metal has the ending -ide. 

NaCl sodium chloride MgO magnesium oxide CaS calcium sulfide BN boron nitride 

Note where more than one atom is present the number is written as a post-subscript. 

Compounds with more than two elements cannot end in -ide and for those where the third element is oxygen, the endings -ite or -ate are used  

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Chemical names are not capitalized unless they are the first word of a sentence or are part of a title or heading. Then, the first letter of the syllabic portion is capitalized, not the locant, stereoisomer descriptor, or positional prefix. Table 12-1 presents examples of simple chemical names and their capitalization. Table 12-2 presents chemical names that include locants and descriptors. 

Zinc phosphate cement, as its name implies, is composed principally of zinc and phosphate. It is formed by mixing a powder, which is mainly zinc oxide, with a solution based on phosphoric acid. However, it is not as simple chemically as it appears because satisfactory cements caimot be formed by simply mixing zinc oxide with phosphoric acid solution. 

The carboxyl proteases are so called because they have two catalytically essential aspartate residues. They were formerly called acid proteases because most of them are active at low pH. The best-known member of the family is pepsin, which has the distinction of being the first enzyme to be named (in 1825, by T. Schwann). Other members are chymosin (rennin) cathepsin D Rhizopus-pepsin (from Rhizopus chinensis) penicillinopepsin (from Penicillium janthinel-lum) the enzyme from Endothia parasitica and renin, which is involved in the regulation of blood pressure. These constitute a homologous family, and all have an Mr of about 35 000. The aspartyl proteases have been thrown into prominence by the discovery of a retroviral subfamily, including one from HIV that is the target of therapy for AIDS. These are homodimers of subunits of about 100 residues.156,157 All the aspartyl proteases contain the two essential aspartyl residues. Their reaction mechanism is the most obscure of all the proteases, and there are no simple chemical models for guidance. 

Many of the new insecticidal chemicals are complex organic materials with long and complicated names. There is need for simple common names. Without simplified terminology costly losses may result from relatively minor errors in nomenclature. Coined names must be protected if they are to remain available for general use, and must be defined with sufficient accuracy to assure that a standard product will be marketed. Selection of such names requires cooperative consideration by many agencies. Chemists can make important contributions to this undertaking. 

Of the many reagents, both heterogeneous and homogeneous, that can facilitate chemical reactions, the cycloamyloses stand out. Reactions can be catalyzed with many species such as hydronium ions, hydroxide ions, general acids, general bases, nucleophiles, and electrophiles. More effective catalysis can sometimes be achieved by combinations of catalytic species as in multiple catalysis, intramolecular catalysis, and catalysis by com-plexation. Only the latter catalysis can show the real attributes of an efficient catalytic system, namely speed and selectivity. In analogy to molecular sieves, selectivity can be attained by stereospecific complexation and speed can be likewise attained if the stereochemistry within the complex is correct. The cycloamyloses, of any simple chemical compound, come the closest to these goals. 

Let us take a simple example, namely a generic Sn2 reaction mechanism and construct the state functions for the active precursor and successor complexes. To accomplish this task, it is useful to introduce a coordinate set where an interconversion coordinate (%-) can again be defined. This is sketched in Figure 2. The reactant and product channels are labelled as Hc(i) and Hc(j), and the chemical interconversion step can usually be related to a stationary Hamiltonian Hc(ij) whose characterization, at the adiabatic level, corresponds to a saddle point of index one [89, 175]. The stationarity required for the interconversion Hamiltonian Hc(ij) defines a point (geometry) on the configurational space. We assume that the quantum states of the active precursor and successor complexes that have non zero transition matrix elements, if they exist, will be found in the neighborhood of this point. 

Nciming a simple ionic compound is easy. You pair the name of the cation with the neune of the anion and then change the ending of the anion s ncime to -ide. The cation always precedes the anion in the final name. For example, the chemical name of NaCl (a compound made up of one sodium atom and one chlorine atom) is sodium chloride. 

This experiment will use chemicals commonly found around the house, so-called consumer chemical products. You may not think of these products as chemicals nor refer to them by their inorganic chemical names. Nevertheless, they are chemicals, and simple qualitative analytical techniques can be used to identify the ions found in their makeup. 

Stanley Miller was impressed by the ease of synthesis of adenine from simple molecules, but the cell eschews simple synthesis. In fact, if we dissolved in water (using the formal chemical names) ribose-5-phosphate, glutamine, aspartic acid, glycine, N10-formyl-THF, carbon dioxide, and energy packets of ATP and GTP—all the small molecules that are used by the cell to build AMP—and let them sit for a long time (say, a thousand or a million years) we would not get any AMP.8 If Stanley Miller mixed these chemicals hoping for another rock of the faith, he would be quite disappointed. 

If the substance is a new substance, it should be checked whether or not it is manufactured and/or imported in an amount of 1 tonne/year or less or whether it is assumed to be little released into the environment (e.g. intermediate, chemical substance used in the closed system). If the substance falls under either of such categories, simple notification canbe made for it. In simple notification, a chemical substance is reviewed only by information such as chemical name, structural formula and manufacturing flow and, if there is no problem, manufacture and/or import of the substance is permitted. After registration, however, the actual quantities manufactured/imported and uses of the substance which is assumed to be little released into the environment must be reported to the competent authority (the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry). A new substance that does not fall under these categories must normally be notified. 

Reminder Simple chemical structures can often be represented by a line formula or by the systematic name of the compound, but complex chemical structures depend on structural representations exhibiting the atom-atom connectivity, including the order and stereochemistry of the bonds. 

The name of this insecticide is to many people synonymous with environmental pollution, and it is therefore an important example in this chapter but the story is not simple. DDT is an abbreviation for the chemical name of the insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane. It contains five chlorine atoms and is hence called an organochlorine compound. It was first made in 1874 but not found to be an insecticide until 1939 by Paul Muller. It was used extensively in the Second World War for the control of insects such as lice and mosquitoes, carriers of the diseases typhus and malaria. It was very effective in controlling these pests, and the diseases they carried, and undoubtedly thousands of soldiers lives were saved. Since then, the lives of millions of people throughout the world have also been saved by this insecticide both as a result of the reduction of these and other diseases and as a result of the improvement in crop yields which has reduced starvation. Indeed, in 1953 it was estimated that the use of DDT for malaria eradication had saved 50 million lives and averted more... 

Furthermore, the avenues of simple chemical transformations in the generation of a diverse variety of pendants on the thiazolidine scaffold has fascinated medicinal chemists and led to exploration of the wealth of biological information involved in these processes. Therefore, a conscious effort is made in the chemistry part of the present review to cull out select modifications of the thiazolidine skeleton namely thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids and 4-thiazolidinones from the vast array of thiazolidines. 

Inverted forms of the chemical names (parent index headings) are used for most entries in the alphabetically ordered index. Organic names are listed at the parent based on Rule C-10, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979 Edition. Coordination compounds, salts and ions are listed once at each metal or central atom parent index heading. Simple salts and binary compounds are entered in the usual uninverted way, e.g.. Sulfur oxide (SxO), Lira-nium( V) chloride (UCL). 

The following describes results of three, relatively simple chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons on model single crystal metal catalysts that illustrate this general approach, namely, acetylene cyclotrimerization and the hydrogenation of acetylene and ethylene, all catalyzed by palladium. The selected reactions fulfdl the above conditions since they occur in ultrahigh vacuum, while the measured catalytic reaction kinetics on single crystal surfaces mimic those on reahstic supported catalysts. While these are all chemically relatively simple reactions, their apparent simplicity belies rather complex surface chemistry. 

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