Silver uptake

Abbe, G.R. and J.G. Sanders. 1990. Pathways of silver uptake and accumulation by the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in Chesapeake Bay. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 31 113-123. 

Connell, D.B., J.G. Sanders, G.F. Riedel, and G.R. Abbe. 1991. Pathways of silver uptake and trophic transfer in estuarine organisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25 921-924. 

Sanders, J.G., G.R. Abbe, and G.F. Riedel. 1990. Silver uptake and subsequent effects on growth and species composition in an estuarine community. Sci. Total Environ. 97/98 761-769. 

Wood, C.M., R.C. Playle, and C. Hogstrand. 1999. Physiology and modeling of mechanisms of silver uptake and toxicity in fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 71-83. 

Fortin, C. and Campbell, P. G. C. (2000). Silver uptake by the green alga Chlamy-domonas reinhardtii in relation to chemical speciation influence of chloride, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19, 2769-2778. 

Uptake of small organic metal complexes over transport systems of organic metabolites may be possible, for example, of small organic acids like citrate or amino acids. However, only few examples of such processes have been studied so far. Increased uptake of cadmium by an alga has been observed in the presence of citrate and has been attributed to accidental transport of the metal-citrate complex over a citrate transporter [212]. Transport systems of inorganic anions may also play a role in metal transport. Silver uptake by algae was enhanced in the presence of thiosulfate. In this case, the silver thiosulfate complex was transported over a sulfate uptake system [213]. It remains to be demonstrated how widespread these processes may be for metal uptake in the aquatic environment [12]. 

Scott WL Jr. 1967. Silver uptake in brains of chronically gamma-irradiated rats A study by neutron activation analysis. Radiat Res 31 522-528. 

Ward Nl, Roberts E, Brooks RR. 1979. Silver uptake by seedlings of Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L. New Zealand Journal of Science 22 129-132. 

Lee, D.Y., C. Fortin, and P.G. Campbell. 2004. Influence of chloride on silver uptake by two green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Environ Toxicol. Chem. 23 1012-1018. 

Multiple cell SECM studies have also been used to study the effect of antimicrobial agents on human fibroblast. Silver ions have well-known antimicrobial properties that are enhanced by the presence of 4-aminopyridine, a voltage-sensitive potassium ion channel blocker. The silver uptake by adhered human fibroblasts was monitored with an amperometric silver ion-selective electrode. The probe consisted of a micropipette supported interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. Specifically, a 1,2-dichloroethane solution containing a calixarene-based silver ion ionophore was contained in the glass micropipette, which could monitor micromolar level concentration of silver ions. Interestingly, the uptake and the rate of uptake of silver ions by the fibroblasts were both enhanced in the presence of the ion channel blocker. These SECM results therefore have great potential for the future development of optimized antimicrobial cocktails. 

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