Silicon ground state electronic configuration

Give the ground-state electron configuration for each of the following elements (a) Oxygen (b) Silicon (c) Sulfur... 

The more concise way to represent ground-state electron configuration for silicon ... 

Write out the ground state electronic configurations for (a) magnesium, (b) silicon, and (c) nickel. 

In its ground state, the free atom Si has the electronic configuration [Ne]3s 3p. Ionization energies and other properties are compared with those of the other members of Group 14 on p. 372. Silicon crystallizes in the diamond... 

The thermodynamics of doped a-Si H is a little more complicated, because both the defects and dopants are charged and so interact with the electron distribution whose chemical potential is the Fermi energy. The analysis is for the specific case of n-type doping with phosphorus and, following the model introduced in Chapter 5, it is assumed that both the phosphorus and sUicon atoms may have either three-fold or four-fold coordination. The ground state configuration comprises the four-fold silicon and the three-fold phosphorus, and the defect reaction is,... 

The electronic structure of the carbon atom gives the element a remarkable diversity of chemical properties. The four valence electrons occupy the configuration 2s 2p in the ground state but promotion and hybridisation (p. 97) occurs very freely and accounts for the characteristic valency of four which is never exceeded. Silicon differs in that 3d orbitals are accessible, giving a greater variety and an increased number of valencies (p. 104). It can thus exhibit a covalency greater than 4, as in the SiFg ion. 

The atoms of the Gp.lVB elements resemble carbon and silicon in having the electron configuration and ground state, and in forming the... 

The build-up of the third period, from sodium to argon, is an echo of what happened in the second first the one 3s orbital is filled, and then the three 3p orbitals. As the number of electrons in an atom reaches 15 or 20, it is frequently the practice to explicitly include only those electrons added in the building up beyond the last preceding noble-gas element. The configuration of that noble gas is then represented by its chemical symbol enclosed in brackets. The ground-state configuration of silicon, for example, is written [Ne]3s 3p using this system. 

Fig. 3.2 (a) —HOMO energy (ionization potential) and (b) —LUMO energy (electron affinity) for SiQDs in ground-state (SO) or excited-state (SI) configuration (see text) as a function of the adsorbed PA number [22]. Reprinted with permission from (Li QS, Zhang RQ, Niehaus TA, Frauenheim T, Lee ST (2007) Theoretical studies on optical and electronic properties of propionic-acid-terminated silicon quantum dots, J Chem Theory Comput 3 1518-1526). Copyright (2007), American Chemical Society... 

At a difference with the inverted ground state configuration of interstitial Li, the deep ground state of Mg° is Is (Ai). The Mg° spectrum in silicon is shown in Fig. 6.12, together with an unidentified Mg-related complex denoted XMg- This complex has been ascribed to a (Mg,0) centre ([102], and references therein). The spectrum of Mg-diffused silicon also shows electronic lines on the low-energy side of the Mg° spectrum, which have been attributed to another Mg-related centre with an ionization energy of 93meV [152]. No transition toward the even-parity states has been observed for this donor [103]. 

This rule is based on spin-orbit interactions, which are based on relativistic effects (see Sect. 6.4). For example, let us compare the electron configurations of silicon and sulfur atoms. Since the outermost 3p orbitals are occupied by two and four electrons in silicon and sulfur atoms, respectively, the silicon atom, containing less-than-half occupancy, has a Pq ground state with the minimum zero total angular... 

Silicon Hybridization. Hybridization of the silicon atom occurs in a manner similar to the tetragonal hybridization of the carbon atom to form a configuration of four 3sp orbitals also arranged in a r lar tetrahedron.1 1 Boron Hybridization. As shown in Table 7.1, the boron atom has only one valence electron in the ground state (2p ). Yet boron is never monovalent but always trivalent as the atom is hybridized.l 11 1 However, unlike the tetragonal hybridization of earbon and silicon, the boron hybrid ization is trigonal (sjp). It occurs as follows ... 

The electronic configuration of silicon in its ground state is Is 2s 2p 3s 3p with two unpaired electrons. To explain the tetravalency of silicon, sp hybridization of the 3s and three 3p orbitals is proposed. For minimum repulsion of the hybrid orbitals, the four hybrid orbitals are distributed about the silicon atom at an angle 109.5° and pointing in tetrahedral directions. Each of the four Si-Cl bond is obtained by the overlapping of sp hybrid orbital of the silicon atom with 2p orbital of Cl atoms. The bonds are arranged tetrahedrally. 

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