Time signal

The PE data was obtained by repeating the scanning of the object, now measuring the received echo at Transducer 1. For every position, (x, y), an A-scan was obtained from which we extracted the back wall echo by means of a time gate. This back wall echo is denoted s(x, y). Note that s x, y) is a time signal that can be written s(f, x, y) where t is the time index. One example of such a back wall echo is shown in Figure 2. 

Grossmann F, Mandelshtam V A, Taylor H S and Briggs H S 1997 Harmonic inversion of semiclassical short time signals Chem. Phys. Lett. 279 355... 

Bickel, H.J., and Rothschild, R.S., Real-Time Signal Processing in the Frequency Domain, Federal Scientific Monograph 3, March 1973. 

In TOP systems, particle energies are usually determined by SBDs in addition to particle velocities being obtained with a TOP set-up which primarily measures the time needed by a particle to pass the distance between two thin foils 0.5-1 m apart [3.170, 3.171]. The first foil delivers a start signal, the second a stop signal. The stop signal can also be obtained from the SBD, but usually foils provide better timing signals. 

TIME SIGNAL DETECTION DATA COLLECTION IDENTIFICATION INTERPRETATION GOAL SELECTION CADET ANALYSIS... 

A discrete-time signal is decomposed into the following set of projections ... 

For practical purposes, the wavelet decomposition can only be applied to a finite record of discrete-time signals. If N is the number of samples in the record, and t = 1, then the maximum value of the translation parameter can be found from Eq. (12), by setting u=N, and is equal to k = N/2". Consequently, the decomposition and reconstruction relations [Eqs. (5b), (11a), (6b)] take the following form ... 

Let us now see how the theory of the wavelet-based decomposition and reconstruction of discrete-time functions can be converted into an efficient numerical algorithm for the multiscale analysis of signals. From Eq. (6b) it is easy to see that, given a discrete-time signal, FqU) we have... 

G -protein-coupled receptors are often located on the presynaptic plasma membrane where they inhibit neurotransmitter release by reducing the opening of Ca2+ channels like inactivation and breakdown of the neurotransmitter by enzymes, this contributes to the neuron s ability to produce a sharply timed signal. An a2 receptor located on the presynaptic membrane of a noradrenaline-containing neuron is called an autoreceptor but, if located on any other type of presynaptic neuronal membrane (e.g., a 5-HT neuron), then it is referred to as a heteroreceptor (Langer, 1997). Autoreceptors are also located on the soma (cell body) and dendrites of the neuron for example, somatodendritic 5-HTia receptors reduce the electrical activity of 5-HT neurons. 

LC ESI MS allows also the identification of other anthraquinones in madder preparations. Based on structural information obtained by NI mass spectra and specific retention times (signals corresponding to quasi-molecular ions [M—H] and fragment ions [M—C02—H] ), pseudopurpurin (peaks at m/z 299.1 and 255.3) and munjistin (at m/z 283.1 and 239.3) are found in the natural material. Alizarin glycoside is identified by deprotonated quasi-molecular ions at m/z 401.1 and ions formed by the loss of glucose at m/z 239.1. Similar ions are found to be characteristic of lucidin... 

Fig. 9 Examples of simplifying solid state NMR spectra by the TOSS and delayed decoupling pulse sequences. Shown is a comparison of the 31P CP/MAS NMR spectrum of fosinopril sodium utilizing the standard pulse sequence (A) and the TOSS routine (B). Also shown is the full 13C CP/MAS NMR spectrum of fosinopril sodium (C) and the nonprotonated carbon spectrum (D) obtained from the delayed decoupling pulse sequence utilizing a 80 /us delay time. Signals due to the methyl carbon resonances (0-30 ppm) are not completely eliminated due to the rapid methyl group rotation, which reduces the carbon-proton dipolar couplings.

We note that the Chebyshev recursion-based LSFD can be used to extract frequencies from a time signal in the following form ... 

Diagonalization Method for Quantum Eigenenergy Calculation or for Spectral Analysis of Time Signals. 

Extraction of Spectral Information from a Short-Time Signal Using Filter-Diagonalization Recent Developments and Applications to Semiclassical Reaction Dynamics and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Signals. 

Harmonic Inversion of Semiclassical Short Time Signals. 

For some diseases it is not possible to measure directly the effect of the drug on trial, or the desired direct outcome may require a long time to eventuate. Biomarkers provide more convenient and timely signals in response to the trial drug and they can be measured at various time points to indicate the progressive treatment reaction. 

In principle, Mq can be determined through the first point in time domain for t = 0 or by integration of L. However, under experimental conditions distortions in the acquired time signal (e.g., due to eddy currents) are transferred to the frequency domain by Fourier transformation and can result in significant differences in quantification. A straightforward quantification method in the frequency domain is simply to determine the total integrated area under a resonance in a distinct frequency range of the spectrum. This method works well for spectra with well separated resonance lines and without... 

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