Shigella toxin

Shiga toxin (Shigella toxin). A toxic protein from Shigella dysenteriae, the pathogen of bacillary dysentery (shigellosis). S. t. inhibits protein biosynthesis (translation) in afflicted cells by inactivation of ribosomes. It appears that certain strains of the normally harmless intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli can form shiga-like toxins after attack by phages. 

Jacewicz M, Clausen H, Nudehnan E, Donohue-Rolfe A, Keusch GT Pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea XL Isolation of a Shigella toxin-binding glycolipid from rabbit jejunum and HeLa cells and its identification as globotriaosylceramide. J Exp Med 1986 163 1391-1404. 

Shiga toxin is produced (i) by Shigella cfysenterica, the cause of bacillary dysentery, (ii) by certain E. coli strains (EHEC, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli cause of the... 

Shigella spp. Escherichia coll Large bowel Invasion toxin... 

Johnson W M and Lior H (1987), Production of shiga toxin and a cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) by semigroups of Shigella spp. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 48, 235-238. 

Enterotoxin Toxins of bacterial origin that affect the intestines, causing diarrhea (e.g., toxins from Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus, Shigella, E. Coli, Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas). 

When the diarrhea is not viral (Noro formerly known as Norwalk virus) or protozoal Entamoeba) or caused by a toxin (shell-flsh poisoning) it is often caused by either Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter or Yersinia species. In some countries there is a high prevalence of Vibrio cholerae - GTI causing severe watery diarrhea. Clostridium difficile enterocolitis is related to prior antibiotic treatment but also observed during chemotherapy. 

What two kinds of bacterial toxins are illustrated by Shigella dysenteriae, compared to Clostridium... 

The formation of oximes and hydrazones can be used to modify proteins due to some attractive properties, that is, some stability in aqueous media and compatibility with many functionalities of proteins [134], Their synthesis can be accomplished through the nucleophilic addition-elimination (condensation) of hydrazines and alkoxyamines with aldehydes and ketones, respectively. Typically, it has been used to modify the N-terminus [135-137] of peptides and proteins. For example, oxime formation has been used to modify BSA and diphtheria toxin with Shigella sonnei O-specific oligosaccharides [138],... 

Bacteria are both harmful and beneficial. They degrade the waste-products produced by society. They are used in wastewater treatment plants— thus, they are beneficial. On the other hand, they can also be pathogenic. The bacteria. Salmonella typhosa, causes typhoid fever Shigella flexneri causes bacillary dysentery. Clostridium tetani excretes toxins producing tetanus. Clostridium botulinum excretes the toxin causing botulism. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the agent for diphtheria. 

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