Sharps and Containers

In a certain sense, interfaces between two liquids are simpler than those between a metal and a liquid, since they do not involve solid-state properties. However, for a long time the structure of liquid-liquid interfaces has remained a matter of controversy. Essentially, there are two different views one holds that the interface is sharp and contains a compact layer of solvent molecules into which the ions cannot penetrate. The other view posits the... 

Whereas the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom shows only one series, the Balmer series (see Figure 1.1), in the visible region the alkali metals show at least three. The spectra can be excited in a discharge lamp containing a sample of the appropriate metal. One series was called the principal series because it could also be observed in absorption through a column of the vapour. The other two were called sharp and diffuse because of their general appearance. A part of a fourth series, called the fundamental series, can sometimes be observed. 

Objective knowledge can be used to place objects into classes or sets. A class could be defined that consists of all the organic molecules that contain exactly three carbon atoms. If all objects in a group can be allocated to classes in a way that involves no uncertainty, so that the division is sharp and unambiguous, we call this a crisp division. Every organic molecule either contains... 

The number of satellite peaks will depend on the shape of the interface between the units. It is convenient to think of the diffraction pattern in the kinematic approximation as the Fourier transform of the structure. If the layers in the units were graded so that the overall structure factor variation were sinusoidal, this would have ordy one Fourier component and thus only one pair of satellites. If the interface is abrapt, this is equivalent to the Fourier transform of a square wave, which consists of an infinite number of odd harmonics the corresponding diffraction pattern is also an infinite number of odd satellites. The intensities of the satellites therefore contain information about the interface sharpness and grading. 

The mechanism and characteristics of thermal cutoff devices in several prismatic lithium-ion cells was studied by VenugopaF ° by monitoring the impedance at 1 kHz and the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the cells as a function of temperature. All the cells studied contained PE-based separators with a shutdown temperature between 130 and 135 °C. Within this narrow temperature range, the shutdown separators caused a sharp and irreversible rise in impedance of the cell. Single layer PE separators were effective up to around 145 °C, above which they... 

The layered quartzite occurs as xenoliths in the granite. The contact between the two units is sharp and discordant, and is locally undulatory. The xenoliths have rounded edges and range in size xenoliths are very rare within the Main Double S Zone and do not contain U mineralization (e.g., 250-300 c/s). 

Lignite (Brown Coal). A brownish-black coal in which the alteration of vegetable matter has proceeded further than in peat, but not as far as in sub-bituminous coal. There is no sharp distinction between these three materials, but in general, lignite is denser, darker in color, and contains more C than peat. Lignite consists of w 9—12, vol comb matter 31—38, fixed C 27—43, and ash 5-20% (Ref 3)... 

Bomeol is a colorless, crystalline solid. (+)-Borneol has a camphoraceous odor, with a slightly sharp, earthy-peppery note, which is less evident in (—)-bomeol. Commercial bomeol is often levorotatory ([ajp — 18 to — 28° in ethanol), and contains (—)-bomeol and up to 40% isoborneol. 

Raising to an inverse power has the effect of converting minima into maxima, and the division by the atomic valence gives p, a value of 1.0 at an ideal location. If N is set equal to 16, the maxima become quite sharp and the resultant p, map contains peaks that, under suitable conditions, resemble the probability density function for the atom at room temperature as shown for... 

Minerals containing bound water (OH) or water molecules (H20) adsorbed onto mineral surfaces give rise to prominent spectral absorptions near 3 pm that are observed in some asteroid classes (Rivkin et al., 2002). These absorptions have different shapes (Fig. 12.14) -the hydroxl feature is sharp and the H20 feature is more subdued. Infrared spectra for asteroids with high albedos are generally characterized by the water feature, whereas spectra of low-albedo asteroids tend to have the sharp OH feature. Although the hydroxl band is partly obscured when viewed through the Earth s atmosphere (the dashed lines in Fig. 12.14), it is still an easily recognizable feature in the spectra of some asteroid classes. 

Many novel features emerged. The acid was the strongest organic acid then known, and the / -oxo ester was unusually stable, and contained a high proportion of the enol form. The tertiary alcohol was very resistant towards dehydration, in sharp contrast to tert-butyl alcohol. In 1931, Swarts reported the Kolbe-type electrolysis of trifluoroacetic acid and its salts, isolating hexafluoroethane for the first time, and demonstrating that it was very stable. 

Another topic of interest is the shape that an isolated body of constant volume with an anisotropic surface energy will adopt to minimize its total interfacial energy. This can be resolved by means of the Wulff construction shown in Fig. C.4e. Here, a line has been drawn at each point on the 7-plot which is perpendicular to the n corresponding to that point. The interior envelope of these lines is then the shape of minimum energy (i.e., the Wulff shape). The Wulff shape for the 7-plot in Fig. C.4a contains sharp edges and contains only inclinations that have been shown to be stable in Fig. C.46 and c. 

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