Shape sphericity

Vesicles [10, 11] these aggregates of insoluble natural or artificial amphiphiles in water can have various shapes (spherical, cylindrical). Depending on the preparation conditions, small unilamellar or large multilamellar vesicles can be produced. The structures meet the self-organization criterion, because they are, albeit on a long time scale, dynamic and not in thermodynamic equilibrium, which would in many cases be a macroscopically phase separated lamellar phase. 

These different approaches are complementary to each other in basic concept. However, these analyses have not provided clear insight information of the bubble layer at the CHF about the bubble shape (spherical or flat elliptical), bubble population and its effect on turbulent mixing, and bubble behavior. The bubble behavior in a bubble layer could involve bubble rotation caused by flow shear, normal bubble velocity fluctuation, and bubble condensation in the bubble layer caused by the subcooled water coming from the core. Further visual study and measurements in this area may be desired. 

Gold nanostructures of various sizes and morphologies were synthesized at room temperature using naturally occurring biodegradable plant surfactants [ 76]. The sizes and shapes (spherical, prisms, and hexagonal) of the synthesized nanopartides were dependent on the concentration of the gold ions and the type of plant surfactant used for preparation. 

In the more general case, CD will also be a function of particle shape, sphericity, surface roughness and turbulence intensity of the fluid. 

Although pyrophoric metals can come in various shapes (spherical, porous spheres or flakes), the calculation to be shown will be based on spherical particles. Since it is the surface area to volume ratio that determines the critical condition, then it would be obvious for a metal flake (which would be pyrophoric) to have a smaller mass than a sphere of the same metal. Due to surface temperature, however, pyrophoric flakes will become spheres as the metal melts. 

The dendrimers described in Section III of this chapter were used as calibration standards for the SEC measurements. Sample H9 was subsequently analyzed, and this measurement indicated a higher dispersity than measurements using linear standards. It is noteworthy that the dendrimers used for calibration had a different core and were quite small even though it is not certain that a dendritic shape (spherical) has been reached. 

Bacteria Bacillus megaterium Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus albus Streptomyces scabies Rod-shaped Rod-shaped Spherical Filamentous 2.8-1.2-1.5//m 0.7-1.0 x 0.7 pm 1.0 pm 0.5-1.2 pm dia... 

In aqueous solution, amphiphilic molecules aggregate into micelles above the critical micelle concentration. Such solutions have been the object of research for many years, with special interest in shape and size of these micellar aggregates [37]. Size and shape (spherical, wormlike, or disklike micelles) depend strongly on the molecular structure of the amphiphilic molecule. 

A) slit shape cylindrical shape spherical shape ... 

A rapid increase in wear rate with slip amplitude occurs over a range of amplitude. Wear debris is generally classified as plate-shaped, ribbon-shaped, spherical and irregularly shaped, based on morphology. 

Uniform mixing of powdered materials occurs if they have similar particle size distributions and particle shapes. Spherical particles mix least well while plate and fiber shapes also do not mix well because they tend to clump. The more cohesive the material, the more difficult it is to mix that material with other materials. Similarly, cohesiveness between drug and excipient or among excipients may hinder the... 

The experimental RED (Figure 4a) has been compared to various RED calculated from model clusters of different size and shape. Spherical models give always the best agreement, thus Figure 4b is a distribution calculated for a 50 50 mixture of 6-atoms (7 A) octahedral clusters and of 135-atoms (17.4 A) spherical clusters (96 % or the atoms are in the iarge clusters). 

Bacteria come in three shapes spherical (coccus), rod-shaped (baciUus), and spiral-shaped (vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete). A vibrio is a spiral organism shaped like a coma. A spirillum is also a spiral organism whose long axis remains rigid when in motion the spirochete is also yet another spiral organism whose long axis bends when in motion. 

In this section, we discuss the effects of solids addition on the rheology of oil-in-water emulsions, in particular, the effects of solids size (size distribution) and shape (spherical versus irregular). Because the type of the oil used to form an emulsion is important in determining the viscosity of the oil-in-water emulsion, the rheology of the emulsion-solids mixtures is also influenced by the type of oil. Thus, two distinct emulsion systems with added solids will be discussed (1) synthetic (Bayol-35) oil-in-water emulsions 21, 57) and (2) bitumen-in-water emulsions (58). The synthetic oil has a viscosity of 2.4 mPa s, whereas the bitumen has a viscosity of 306,000 mPa s at 25 C. The Sauter mean diameter of the oil droplets is 10 xm for synthetic oil, and 6 xm for bitumen-in-water emulsions. The synthetic OAV emulsions are fairly shear-thinning, whereas the bitumen OAV emulsions are fairly Newtonian. 

Particles differ in diameter and shape. Spherical particles are formed from molten material. Angular fragments are ejected directly from the surface. Dimensions can be up to 10 pm, which is too large to ensure efficient transport and thorough volatilization in the subsequent plasma, ffame or electrothermal atomizer. 

RBCs), for example, the multipolydispersity matrix is at least of dimension 3, with a polydispersity in size, in density, and in shape. In that case, a cell population to isolate or to purify is characterized by a 3 X 2 matrix of average values and polydispersity in size, density, and shape (sphericity index). 

Particle shape Spherical, smooth surface Fluidity resistance against attrition... 

Principal Quantum Number Total Number of Nodes3) Number of Each Nodal Type Orbital Vertical Shape Spherical Conal Planar Orbital Designation... 

Particle shape spherical or irregular Pore diameter, A 58-240... 

Particle shape spherical or flake Crystal structure cubic... 

In most cases, the shape of mineral particles could be considered more or less spherical, especially for small particle size, while the waste particles are of variant shape (spherical, wiry, platy etc). This shape variance in some cases hinders their effective separation, but in others it has a beneficial effect. 

Several reviews cover dendrimer syntheses and applications [94], but very few describe glycodendrimers as such [16,52,82,95,96]. Dendrimers can basically adopt two shapes spherical, globular-like structmes (58) and monodendritic (59-61) architectures (Scheme 11). The last family is particularly appealing because it can mimic complex multiantennary glycans foimd at the tips of natmal glycoproteins. Moreover, from cumulative observations, spherical dendrimers, particularly large ones (i.e., >16-32-mer) have started to show their intrinsic structmal limitations that is, they suffer from severe steric accessibility. This situation is fmther amplified by the presence of complete bacterial and viral particles wherein the receptors are themselves clustered and congested. Alternatively, they have shown excellent inhibitory properties with soluble or surface-boimd lectins and antibodies. 

Shape Spherical, needle-like, Biopersistence and the kinetics of... 

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