Settlement mechanisms

The BoE used to operate the Central Gilts Office (CGO) settlement mechanism on behalf of CRESTCo Limited the two bodies have now merged with Euroclear, the international clearing system. The BoE also... 

Note that in reality, in the gilt market the stock loan fee (here 20 bps) is calculated on the daily mark-to-market stock price, automatically within the gilt settlement mechanism known as CREST-CGO, so the final charge is not known until termination. Within the Eurobond market, for example in Clearstream, the fee on the initial loan value is taken, and adjustments are made only in the case of large movements in stock price. 

The main securities settlement mechanisms in France is SICOVAM, the central securities depositary system. This body operates a system known as Relit Grand Vitesse or RGV, an integrated real-time settlement mechanism for bonds, money market instruments and equities. It provides real-time matching, settlement and reporting cycles, and operates for 22 hours out of 24. Put simply, the settlement process works as follows ... 

IX. Deferring a Substantive Settlement while Agreeing to a Settlement Mechanism... 

In addition to bacterial inhibition, furanones from D. pulchra directly inhibit settlement and attachment of some species of biofouling larvae and zoospores (de Nys et al. 1995 Dwoijanyn et al. 2006), demonstrating the broad-spectrum antifouling activity of these molecules. However, the molecular mechanisms by which furanones deter larvae and zoospores are not known. 

Wheeler GL, Tait K, Taylor A, Brownlee C, Joint I (2006) Acyl-homoserine lactones modulate the settlement rate of zoospores of the marine alga Ulva intestinalis via a novel chemokinetic mechanism. Plant Cell Environ 29 608-618... 

The cellular mechanisms underlying the abilities of larvae to detect and respond to both adsorbed and soluble settlement cues are yielding to intense study. It has been shown that larvae of many types have the ability to utilize dissolved cues to settlement, which was thought impossible only 20 to 25 years ago. Understanding the details of larval receptor systems will require the use of most of the modem techniques for studying subcellular biology, but critical breakthroughs have already occurred in this area and more are expected in the next decade. 

Those intimately familiar with bioassays have pushed these assays to their limits with respect to determining mechanisms of action at the whole animal level. Three obvious mechanisms are easy to discern. Two mechanisms, internal to the larvae, are toxicity and anesthesia.84 107 The third mechanism is external to the larva and involves preventing settlement by molecules adsorbing to the surface and changing its characteristics.29... 

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