Serum components water

Different types of serum have been used to supplement media with various necessary growth factors and hormones that cells need for their growth. Serum also contains various adhesion factors and antitrypsin activity, which promotes cell attachment. Serum components can act as buffers and as chelators for labile or water insoluble nutrients, bind and neutralize toxins, and provide protease inhibitors. Serum can also reduce oxidative injury to cells caused by ferrous ions. Reduced serum conditions have also been reported to increase the susceptibility of cells to apoptosis. ... 

In both CL systems the key measured parameter for determining of the total water-soluble blood serum component AOA (ACW - integral antiradical capacity of water soluble compounds ) is the latent period. It decides as time from the oxidation initiation moment to a point of intersection on an axis of time of the tangent attached to CL-curve in the point corresponding to a maximum of its first derivative dl/dt (Figure 18.7). Calibration of devices was carried out on ascorbic acid, and the total AOA of water-soluble components (ACW) was expressed in the equivalent ascorbic acid content in one liter of blood serum (pmol/L). The measurement error of this parameter for the first device made no more than 20%, for the second didn t exceed 5%. 

In Figure 18.4 comparison results of the total AOA (ACW) of water-soluble components of blood serum of studied patients received by both methods are presented. Results show a wide spacing of ACW values from 300 to 2400 pmol/L for the first model, and from 15 to 940 unol/L for the second (in this case at norm about 100-500 pmol/L). Abnormally high ACW values were observed for patients with the raised content in serum of the general bilirubin to 600 pmol/L above (at norm 1.7-20.5 pmol/L). Low correlation of ACW values for used models (correlation coefficient 1=0.7977) is explained, mainly, by distinction of free radical initiation mechanisms and possible influence of some blood serum components... 

Thus, a comparative analysis of the total antioxidant activity of blood serum water-soluble components for patients with liver disease (ACW), performed on two free radical oxidation models, showed a relatively low correlation of results (r = 0.798). This is due mainly to the difference in the mechanisms of free radical initiation and the possible impact of some blood serum components (especially proteins) on the process and the rate of initiation. Stronger this effect is manifested in the model Hb-H O, where an active OH -radical-initiator reacts with a number of serum components. The discrepancy in measurement results significant for patients with abnormally high content of certain blood serum components which are differentially inhibit the luminol oxidation due to side reactions. In this regard, more preferred for clinical use to estimate the AOA should be considered the oxidation model with ABAP initiator. Therefore, for further study the correlations of antioxidant and some general clinical parameters of blood serum for patients with liver pathology was chosen the device minilum with this model. 

The qualitative thermodynamic explanation of the shielding effect produced by the bound neutral water-soluble polymers was summarized by Andrade et al. [2] who studied the interaction of blood with polyethylene oxide (PEO) attached to the surfaces of solids. According to their concept, one possible component of the passivity may be the low interfacial free energy (ysl) of water-soluble polymers and their gels. As estimated by Matsunaga and Ikada [3], it is 3.7 and 3.1 mJ/m2 for cellulose and polyvinylalcohol whereas 52.6 and 41.9 mJ/m2 for polyethylene and Nylon 11, respectively. Ikada et al. [4] also found that adsorption of serum albumin increases dramatically with the increase of interfacial free energy of the polymer contacting the protein solution. 

Apart from the kind of components used in preparing microgels from EUP and comonomers, the yield essentially depends on the composition of the reactive components, on the water/monomer ratio, the W/M (serum ratio), the degree of neutralization of the EUP [91] and on the concentration of electrolytes. 

The elution pattern in IEC results from the charge distribution on the folded chain. Therefore, IEC was used for indication, whether the native structure of the protein had been affected by previous RPC or not. Ribonuclease was found to retain its native structure, whereas bovine serum albumin, horse radish peroxidase, and ovalbumin were much altered through RPC on a C 18 column with a gradient water/ (ethanol-butanol 80 20) containing 0.012 M HC1 in both eluent components 59>. 

Fig. 18a and b. Influence of column length. Gradient elution of a protein mixture on RP 8 columns of different length (a = 45x4.6 mm, b = 6.3x4.6 mm d0 = 30 nm). Gradient water/2-propanol, both with addition of 0.1 % TFA gradient rate 4%/ml flow rate 0.25 ml/min. The sample was a mixture of ribonuclease A, insulin, cytochrome C, bovine serum albumin, and ovalbumin (in the order of elution). These components were applied in the ratio 2 2 1.2 2 and totaled 50 pg. UV detection at 280 nm. (From Ref.73) with permission)... 

An experimental complication is the difficulty in effecting molecular interaction between the components. The usual technique for preparing lipid-protein phases in an aqueous environment is to use components of opposite charge. This in turn means that the lipid should be added to the protein in order to obtain a homogeneous complex since a complex separates when a certain critical hydrophobicity is reached. If the precipitate is prepared in the opposite way, the composition of the complex can vary since initially the protein molecule can take up as many lipid molecules as its net charge, and this number can decrease successively with reduction in available lipid molecules. It is thus not possible to prepare lipid— protein—water mixtures, as in the case of other ternary systems, and to wait for equilibrium. Systems were prepared that consisted of lecithin-cardiolipin (L/CL) mixtures with (a) a hydrophobic protein, insulin, and with (b) a protein with high water solubility, bovine serum albumin (BSA). 

Whole blood consists of water, cells, proteins, and electrolytes (Figure 3.15). Cells comprise approximately 45% of total blood volume. The noncellular components of blood are called plasma. Plasma is mostly water with some proteins (8% by weight). Plasma proteins may be divided into three categories serum albumin (60%) the a-, j8-, and -y-globuhns (36%) and fibrinogens (4%). Blood serum is the residual liquid left behind after whole blood is allowed to clot.5... 

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