SER Approach

For the detection of viruses different SERS approaches are reported. One possibility is the direct detection of the DNA or the protein shell. Additionally, the presence of the DNA can also be detected indirectly via marker molecules. The third possibility is the detection via antibodies [28],... 

Recent work by Lowe et al. used the ligase detection reaction (LDR) to detect SNPs in a multiplexed manner using SERS [59]. The so called LDR-SERS approach involved the functionalization of an oligonucleotide primer (which binds downstream of the SNP) with an amine to allow it to attach to the surface of nanoparticles after the ligation. A second oligonucleotide primer sequence... 

Chen, K.H., and Trezek, J.T. (1976) Spray energy release (SER) approach to analyzing spray system perfomance, Proc. Amer. Power Conf. 38, 1435-1448. 

Most of the previous SERS analysis required some pretreatment methods to extract melamine from real matrix. Betz and co-workers developed the fast SERS approach for detecting melamine in infant formula without the need for purification or additional equipment (Betz et al. 2012). Eor this purpose, a galvanic displacement of Cu by Ag was used to create Ag nanostructures on low-cost surfaces of Cu tape and coin and excellent SERS enhancement was obtained. A strong peak between 676 and 690 cm was observed and served to identify melamine contamination of the formula. Both the tape and coin enabled the detection of contamination down to the 5 ppb level which is up to 200x better than that using commercial Klarite substrates. 

A. Marz, K.R. Ackermann, D. Malsch, T. Bocklitz, T. Henkel, J. Popp, Towards a quantitative SERS approach - online monitoring of analytes in a microfluidic system with isotope-edited internal standards. J. Biophotonics 2, 232 (2009)... 

The principle ways of designing inherently safer plants and other ways or makiug plants user-friendly are summarized as follows, with examples (Kletz, Plant De.sign for Safety—A U.ser-Friendly Approach, Hemisphere, 1991). 

GR Marshall, CD Barry, HE Bosshard, RA Dammkoehler, DA Dunn. The conformational parameter m drug design The active analog approach. ACS Symp Ser 112 205-226, 1979. YC Martin. Overview of concepts and methods in computer-assisted rational drug design. Methods Enzymol 203 587-613, 1991. 

Richburg, A. and El-Halwagi, M. M. (1995). A graphical approach to the optimal design of heat-induced separation networks for VOC recovery. AlChE Symp. Ser., 91(304), 256-... 

Cydization of P-hydroxy-a-amino esters under Mitsunobu reaction conditions is an alternative approach to aziridine-2-carboxylic esters [6b, 13-16], In this case the P-hydroxy group is activated by a phosphorus reagent. Treatment of Boc-a-Me-D-Ser-OMe 13 (Scheme 3.5) with triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD), for example, gave a-methyl aziridinecarboxylic acid methyl ester 14 in 85% yield [15]. In addition to PPh3/DEAD [13b, 15], several other reagent combi-... 

Weisburger, J.H. "N-Nitroso Compounds Diet and Cancer Trends, An Approach to the Prevention of Gastric Cancer, ACS Symp, Ser, 1981,... 

Scherrer, R. A. The treatment of ionizable compounds in quantitative structure-activity smdies with special consideration to ion partitioning. In Pesticide Synthesis Throi h Rational Approaches (ACS Symp. Ser. 255), Magee, P. S., Kohn, G. K., Menn, J. J. (eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1984, pp. 225-246. 

Although by now a large number of electrochemical systems have been examined using both SERS and IRRAS, including some common to both techniques (2b), the conditions employed are usually sufficiently different (e.g. disparate surface state, adsorbate concentrations) so to preclude a quantitative comparison of the spectral responses. One further hindrance to such comparisons is that it usually is difficult to remove entirely the contribution to the infrared spectra from solution-phase species. Two types of approaches are commonly used in IRRAS with this objective in mind. Firstly, modulating the infrared beam between s- and p-polarization can achieve a measure of demarcation between surface and bulk-phase components since considerably greater infrared absorption will occur for the former, but not the latter, species for p- versus s-polarized light (2.81. However, a complication is that the "surface... 

The combination of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) provides an effective in-situ approach for studying the electrode-electrolyte interface. The extreme sensitivity to surface species of SERS is well known. By using polarization modulation of the infrared beam for IRRAS, the complete band shape is obtained without modulating the electrode potential. 

Grossmann, I. E. and J. Hooker. Logic Based Approaches for Mixed Integer Programming Models and Their Application in Process Synthesis. FOCAPD Proceedings, AIChE Symp. Ser. 96 (323) 70-83 (2000). 

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