Separation technologies hybrid

There are currently four main types of inkjet inks phase-change, solvent-based, water-based, and UV curable. Other types exist, but are less prevalent, such as oil-based and hquid toner (for electrostatic inkjet technology). Hybrid versions of the four main types also exist (e.g., water-based inks containing some amount of solvent). The various inkjet ink types will be discussed briefly in this chapter, and will be followed by detailed description in separate chapters (solvent-based, water-based, and UV cmable inks). 

Kislik V and Eyal A. Hybrid liquid membrane (HLM) system in separation technologies. JMem Sci, 1996 111 259-272. 

Many industrially important liquid systems are difficult or impossible to separate by simple continuous distillation because the phase behavior contains an azeotrope, a tangent pinch, or an overall low relative volatility. One solution is to combine distillation with one or more complementary separation technologies to form a hybrid. An example of such a combination is the dehydration of ethanol using a distillation-membrane hybrid, as shown in Figure 6.30. 

FIGURE 5.2 Scheme of a hybrid membrane/cryogenic distillation plant for removal of nitrogen from natural gas. (Reprinted with permission from Baker, R.W., Future directions of membrane gas separation technology, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.. 41, 1393. Copyright [2002] American Chemical Society.)... 

Benali, M. and Aydin, B. (2010) Ethane/ethylene and propane/propylene separation in hybrid membrane distillation systems Optimization and economic analysis. Separation and Purification Technology, 73 (3), 377-390. 

Stahl WH. Synergetic effects by mechanical hybrid processes and process combinations. lEA Workshop on Separation Technologies, Mainz, Germany, 1998. 

Guizard, C., Bac, A., Barboiu, M. and Hovnanian, N. (2001) Hybrid organic-inorganic membranes with specific transport properties. Applications in separation and sensors technologies. Separation and Purification Technology, 25, 167-180. 

As stated earlier, the biodegradation of azo dyes requires an anaerobic and aerobic phase for the complete mineralization. The required condition can be implemented either by spatial separation of the two sludge using a sequential anaerobic-aerobic reactor system or in one reactor in the so-called integrated anaerobic-aerobic reactor system. In recent years, combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment technologies are extensively applied in the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters. Table 1 lists the systems based on combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment in separate reactors. Table 2 lists SBR based on temporal separation of the anaerobic and the aerobic phase. Table 3 lists the other systems, either hybrids with aerated zones or micro-aerobic systems based on the principle of limited oxygen diffuse in microbial biofilms [91]. 

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