Metal reactors

Using a lumped model for the reactor metal wall and the simple enthalpy equation h= Cj, T, the energy equations for the reaction liquid and the metal wall... 

Catalyst lives were compared with reactor metal distribution, obtained from micro, pilot and commercial units. It was found that a micro reactor with low liquid mass velocity caused metal pass-through to down stream catalysts, resulting in a shorter life of catalyst system than that in the commercial operation. Therefore in this paper, effects of liquid mass velocity and feedstock properties on catalyst aging performance of the catalyst system are discussed. 

Figure 1. Reactor Metal Distribution of Spent Catalysts...

TIP Make sure that hoses, seals, and probes will stand up to operating conditions. CH2C12 will dissolve some seals and pH probes unsupported pH probes may be broken inside a reactor. Metal sampling lines may corrode within a reactor, contaminating the batch with metal salts. 

Catalyst Type Catalyst Form %Base Metal %A1 kg Catalyst per m of Reactor Metal Value per m of Reactor ... 

A variety of relevant properties at the estimated temperatures for the given material will also be examined. There are three general classes of materials in the reactor Metals, Ceramics, and Gasses. 

G.R. Odette and R.K. Nanstad, LWRSP FY09 testing and analysis of reactor metal degradation. Annual progress report, September 2009, available at http // info.ornl.gOv/sites/publications/files/Pub21530.pdf (accessed March, 2014). 

The technology base for the LFR is primarily derived from the Pb-Bi liquid alloy-cooled reactors employed by the Russian Alpha class submarines. Technologies developed from the integral fast reactor metal alloy fuel recycle and refabrication development, and from the advanced liquid metal reactor (ALMR) passive safety and modular design approach, may also be applicable to the LFR. The ferritic stainless steel and metal alloy fuel developed for sodium fast reactors may also be adaptable to the LFR for those concepts with reactor outlet temperatures in the range of BSO C. 

In a hydrogen production reactor, metal iron produced in the fuel reactor reacts with steam to produce hydrogen and iron oxide that is recycled back to the fuel reactor to close the loop. Similar to the SCL process, some magnetite is formed and can be regenerated by oxidation in a combustion reactor to produce Fe20g particles. 

During the experiments, both metallic potassium (produced by the reduction of KOH by carbon at high temperature) and KOH were partly transported in the vapour phase, and could be observed at the outlet of the reactor. Metallic potassium mixed with potassium carbonate was also present inside the crucible therefore the latter was submitted to atmospheric humidity for two days, during which the alkaline metal slowly oxidised. Finally, the activated carbon was washed with extreme care, first with IM HCl, and finally with distilled water until... 

A metal bellows recycle pump described by Hanson (10) was used to maintain a recycle ratio in excess of 30 to 1 so that completely mixed or gradientless reactor performance was obtained. The reactor, metal bellows pump, and recycle lines were contained in a forced convection oven held at the reaction temperature. 

The inferior performance was manifested in high temperatures necessary to transfer the oxygen to the liquid phase for chemical reaction. The higher-than-desirable temperatures adversely affected reaction selectivity, producing undesirable quantities of non-usable by-products, e.g., carbon dioxide and water. If lower reaction temperatures could be achieved without lowering reactant feed rates, reaction selectivity would change to enhance both the acetic acid and valuable reaction by-product efficiencies. In addition, lower tesiperatures would decrease reactor metal corrosion rates and allow more stable and flexible control of the reaction system. 

Mazumdar D, Guthrie RIL (1986) Mixing models for gas stirred metalluigical reactors. Metall Trans B 17B 725-733... 

Melting points for metallic elements, reactor metals and compounds.. . 3.1-7... 

---