Separation paper chromatography

Product separation Paper chromatography of products Thin layer chromatography Column chromatography (419) (420) (380)... 

Paper chromatography in particular frequently enables the components of a mixture to be separated and identified when only 1-2 mg. of the mixture are available, the process being independent of the relative solubilities of the components. 

The first of the two experiments given below illustrates the separation of amino-acids, now an almost classic example of the use of paper chromatography the second illustrates the separation of anthranilic acid and iV-methylanthranilic acid. Both experiments show the micro scale of the separation, and also the fact that a mixture of compounds which are chemically closely similar can be readily separated, and also can be identified by the use of controls. 

For the more advanced student, we have extended the section on Quantitative Semi-micro Analysis, and we have included a section dealing with Special Techniques in Separation and Purification, namely Adsorption Chromatography, Paper Chromatography, and Ion- Exchange Processes. 

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. This modem version of the classical column chromatography technique is also used successfully for separation and quantitative analysis of dyes. It is generally faster than thin-layer or paper chromatography however, it requires considerably more expensive equipment. Visible and uv photometers or spectrophotometers are used to quantify the amounts of substances present. 

The difference between paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography is that electrophoresis separates by charge whereas chromatography... 

C. Isolation and purification of XK-62-2 100 g of the white powder obtained in the above step B are placed to form a thin, uniform layer on the upper part of a 5 cm0X 150 cm column packed with about 3 kg of silica gel advancely suspended in a solvent of chloroform, isopropanol and 17% aqueous ammonia (2 1 1 by volume). Thereafter, elution is carried out with the same solvent at a flow rate of about 250 ml/hour. The eluate is separated in 100 ml portions. The active fraction is subjected to paper chromatography to examine the components eluted. XK-62-2 is eluted in fraction Nos. 53-75 and gentamicin Cja is eluted in fraction Nos. 85-120. The fraction Nos. 53-75 are combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to sufficiently remove the solvent. The concentrate Is then dissolved in a small amount of water. After freeze-drying the solution, about 38 g of a purified preparate of XK-62-2 (free base) is obtained. The preparate has an activity of 950 units/mg. Likewise, fraction Nos. 85-120 are combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to sufficiently remove the solvent. The concentrate is then dissolved in a small amount of water. After freeze-drying the solution, about 50 g of a purified preparate of gentamicin Cja (free base) is obtained. 

Nonionic surfactants, including EO-PO block copolymers, may be readily separated from anionic surfactants by a simple batch ion exchange method [21] analytical separation of EO-PO copolymers from other nonionic surfactants is possible by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [22,23] and paper chromatography [24], and EO-PO copolymers may themselves be separated into narrow molecular weight fractions on a preparative scale by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) [25]. 

FIGURE 1 Two stages in a paper chromatography separation of a mixture of two components. (a) Before separation f (b) after separation. The relative... 

Chromatography is one of the most powerful and widely used means for separating mixtures, because it is often inexpensive and it can be used to provide quantitative as well as qualitative information. The simplest method is paper chromatography. A drop of solution is placed near the bottom edge of the stationary phase, an absorbant support, such as a strip of paper. The mobile phase, a fluid solvent, is added below the spot and the solvent is absorbed on the support. As the mobile phase rises up the stationary phase by capillary... 

Paper chromatography (PC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) have been used since the 1940s. Preparative PC on Whatman 3 paper, analytical PC on Whatman 1 paper, and analytical TLC on microcrystalline cellulose, silica gel, or polyamide have been applied with a variety of solvents and the behaviors of anthocyanins have been similar in all media. Two-dimensional TLC allows the separation of several compounds and has been nsed to clarify the anthocyanin compositions of different commodities. ... 

The identification of the target colorant is done directly by UV-Vis spectrometry (if the colorant is unique) or by a previous separation from a mixture. The most available techniques are planar chromatography (paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography) and, especially, high performance liquid chromatography... 

The development of the open-column methods, ie paper chromatography (in the 1940 s) and thin-layer chromatography (in the 1950 s) greatly improved the speed and resolution of lc, but there were still serious limitations compared to modern lc methods, in that analysis times were long, resolution was poor and quantitative analysis, preparative separations and automation were difficult. 

A technique of chemical analysis in which the components of a liquid mixture are adsorbed in separate layers in a column of adsorbing material. Variations of the technique are paper chromatography and gas chromatography. 

Biologically formed D-glucosone phosphate has been separated from d-glucosone by paper chromatography, using ethyl acetate-amyl alcohol-formamide (1 2 3) as developer. This solvent mixture does not completely separate D-glucosone phosphate from D-glucose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 1-phosphate.16... 

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