Sensor dynamic accuracy

Some press sensors may have a rather narrow dynamic range not necessarily correlated with accuracy. For example, a very accurate compression roll pin designed to measure 50 kN force may not detect 5kN signal. 

This paper will concentrate on the unique requirements of aeronomic spectroscopy and on the application of image devices to these measurements. Spectrometer 1, Table I, was developed for rocket experiments intended to measure the NIR absorption spectra of 1 0 and 02 molecules in the middle atmosphere. A photodiode array was used as the spectrometric sensor. With this spectrometer we were able to measure the NIR solar radiation spectrum with an altitude resolution better than 2 km. Spectrometer 2, Table I, was basically of the same design as spectrometer 1, except that an image intensifier was optically coupled to the diode array to permit low light-level measurements. The resolution of this spectrometer was adequate for measurements of rotational profiles of the A-band absorption spectra of 02 molecules. We were able to measure the rotational temperature of oxygen molecules, in the stratosphere and the lower mesosphere with an accuracy of + 1.5°, and a spatial resolution better than 2 km. These experiments provided the basis for study of the dynamic processes of atmospheric molecules. Spectrometer 3,... 

The sensor system is composed of the sensor, the transmitter, and the sampling system that allows it to make measurements. The performance of a sensor can be assessed by determining its repeatability, time constant, and (sometimes) accuracy. Accuracy is important for a composition analyzer on a hnal product to ensure that the product meets specifications. The accuracy of a flow transmitter is usually not important, because the flow rate is adjusted incrementally by a supervisory controller so that its actual flow rate is unimportant. The dynamics of the sensor can affect the feedback control performance if it is too slow, and a large repeatability can increase the variability in the controlled variable. 

The main characteristics describing the performance of SPR (bio)sensors include sensitivity, linearity, resolution, accuracy, reproducibility, dynamic range, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. 

The (dynamic) range describes the span of the values of the measurand that can be measured by the sensor. In refractometric SPR sensors the dynamic range usually describes a range of values of the refractive index of the sample that can be measured with a specified accuracy. Dynamic range of SPR biosensors defines the range of concentrations of an analyte which can be measured with specified accuracy and extends from the lowest concen-... 

Compared with the initial alignment, the impact of the sensor errors on the azimuth is rather small. Thus for the determination and the transfer of a relative bearing it is to be expected that a rather high accuracy will be able to be obtained, depending on the dynamic of the trajectory and of course on the elapsed time, since all INS errors are time-dependent. In addition, the effect of sensor noise hcis to be considered, which is not included in the enumeration of table (2), but a discussion of this effect goes far beyond the scope of this report. 

Polliack et al. recently compared the accuracy, hysteresis, drift, and effect of curvature on sensor performance for these commercial prosthetic systems (force sensitive resistors F-Socket Measurement System, Tekscan, Inc., Boston, Mass. and Socket Fitting System, Rincoe, Golden, Colo prototype capacitive sensor. Novel Electronic, Minneapolis, Minn.). These authors concluded that the current systems were more appropriate for static use because the hysteresis, drift, and large standard deviations become more problematic during dynamic and long-term loading. 

The challenge of estimating the NOx sensor ammonia cross-sensitivity factor lies in the fact that a dynamic model is hard to be developed. For the SCR-out NOx concentration estimation, it is possible to employ an accurate SCR model with a NOx sensor upstream of the SCR catalyst and the amount of AdBlue injection. However, such prediction requires a high-accuracy SCR model, which is... 

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