Semiconductor charge-coupled devices

The Mars Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, contain semiconductor chips that receive commands from Earth sjet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena, California. The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics went to the inventors of the semiconductor charge-coupled device (CCD). The CCD is used in digital cameras and is responsible for recording the image to be photographed. 

Charge carriers, in silicon-based semiconductors, 22 237-239 Charge control additives, in paper manufacture, 13 116-117 Charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 19 132, 142-143 23 143, 144 26 421 arrays of, 22 267 in chemical analysis, 19 150 color applications of, 19 147 consumer applications of, 19 148 design type and application for,... 

A photomultiplier tube is a sensitive detector of visible and ultraviolet radiation photons cause electrons to be ejected from a metallic cathode. The signal is amplified at each successive dynode on which the photoelectrons impinge. Photodiode arrays and charge coupled devices are solid-state detectors in which photons create electrons and holes in semiconductor materials. Coupled to a polychromator, these devices can record all wavelengths of a spectrum simultaneously, with resolution limited by the number and spacing of detector elements. Common infrared detectors include thermocouples, ferroelectric materials, and photoconductive and photovoltaic devices. 

For X-ray detection, Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) are used. Being pixel detectors, they have a built-in two-dimensional position resolution and an energy resolution even better than conventional semiconductor detectors. They allow an efficient background reduction by analyzing the hit pattern and simultaneously... 

In recent years, charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have been used increasingly in Raman spectroscopy (13, 14). A CCD is a silicon-based semiconductor arranged as an array of photosensitive elements, each one of which generates photoelectrons and stores them as a small charge. An example format of a 512 x 512 array is shown in Fig. 2-12. Charges are stored on each individual... 

The charge-coupled device (CCD) was invented in 1969 by Boyle130 and Smith.131 The CCD can transfer charge along the surface of a semiconductor (Fig. 10.23). With several gates, separated from a semiconducting p-type... 

The most common detector for AES is the photomultiplier tube (see p. 174). An alternative approach for the detection of multielement (multiwavelength) information is the charged-coupled device (CCD). A CCD is essentially an array of closely spaced metal-insulator emiconductor diodes formed on a wafer of semiconductor material. Incident light striking the CCD is converted into an electrical signal. 

Fig. 7.8.6 Comparison of the dynamic behavior of a charge-coupled device sensor (left) and a nonlinear complementary metal-oxide semiconductor sen sor (right)...

The diffraction equipment used for the study of conducting polymers in no way differs fi-om that used for the study of conventional polymers. This short section does not cover the experimental methods in any technical detail, however, but merely presents some considerations about their applicability. Details can be found in the standard books on this topic [3-5]. Admittedly, these books are somewhat dated they do not, for instance, reflect the impact of computers on both automation of equipment and data evaluation. Another result of the ever-accelerating progress in microelectronics (still based on metals and inorganic semiconductors instead of polymers), is to be found in the field of x-ray detector systems linear photodiode array detectors, Charge-Coupled-Device area detectors and Image Plate detectors have all become available recently. 

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