Segmented Displays

Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices, Second Edition. Deng-Ke Yang and Shin-Tson Wu. 2015 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 

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Indicator lights, fixed pattern, and segmented displays are applications which have been suggested for OLED deployment. Manufacturers of automobile components have shown interest in OLED indicators for the dashboard, where the primary considerations are those of cost, form factor, brightness, and stability over a wide range of ambient conditions. Power consumption is not particularly critical. The possibility of molding a thin light into a curved dashboard is attractive. 

C-carbonyl-labeled amino acids permitted some of the 13CO resonances to be assigned (Wang and Shortle, 1996). In many cases, the resonances for the ft segment displayed the typical upheld shift... 

FIGURE 1.21 ITO pattern and cathode pattern of a seven-segment display. 

FIGURE 1.22 Multiplexing operation of a four-digit segmental display. 

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of segment IB in intermediate filament chains showing generally conserved features. These include the highly conserved residues L74, L81, and E95 the conserved intra- and interchain ionic interactions represented by solid and dotted lines, respectively the trigger motif (residues 79-91) that acts as a particularly stable region that nucleates coiled-coil formation the site at residue 40 (indicated by an asterisk) of a six heptad insertion in lamin molecules. The entire segment displays a regular disposition of acidic and basic residues, each with a period of about 9.54 residues. These periods are approximately out of phase with one another.

Fig. VII-1 shows a schematic of the structure of a polymer LED and a picture of a thin film flexible polymer LED seven-segment display. The bottom electrode of this display was made by spin-cas ting a layer of metallic polyaniline onto a flexible plastic substrate [69]. Polyaniline was chosen as the electrode material because it is flexible, conducts current, and is transparent to visible light. The emissive layer of the display was fo med by spin casting a layer of MEH-PPV over the polyaniline. The top electrodes were formed by evaporating calcium through a patterned shadow mask. Since the conductivity of undoped emissive polymers is relatively low, it was not necessary to pattern the polymer or the bottom electrode to prevent current spreading between neighboring pixels.

The first TN-LCD were simple, directly addressed segment displays as still used, e. g., for wrist watches. When attempts were made to increase the information content of the displays by time-sequential addressing in rows and lines (multiplexing) the limits of the TN cell were soon met. At higher multiplex ratios [14] contrast loss occurred, because of ever shorter addressing times. The development of the super-twisted nematic (STN) cell in 1984 [15] pushed the practicable limit to higher multiplex ratios, but it did not lead to a general solution of the problem. 

In the early 1990s, some specialty chemical segments were price sensitive and cyclical, with international producers focusing more on customer service than on research and development. Some producers had not raised prices in years. By the mid-1990s some specialty chemical segments displayed the characteristics of mature commodity sectors. Slowly prices were raised, and some... 

Fig. 4.1 shows a schematic of the structure of a polymer LED. A photo of a thin-film flexible seven-segment display fabricated from a semiconducting polymer is shown in Fig. 4.2. The bottom electrode (the anode) of this flexible display was made by spin-casting a layer of metallic polyaniline onto a flexible plastic substrate [12].

Fig. 4.2 Photo of a thin-film flexible seven-segment display fabricated from semiconducting and metallic polymers.

Fig. 9.4. (Left) a seven-segment display including electrochromic display elements based on PEDOT PSS. (Right) the FA 3300/5 Nilpeter label printing press utilized to manufacture electrochemical devices based on PEDOT PSS...

Fig. 11.3 A 16-segment display with a single-layer OLED. The active organic layer is made of PPV. The glass plate serves as substrate and is coated with iTO the black dots are the contacts for the Al cathodes. The OLED segments which are supplied with a voltage of 4.5 V emit light, the others remain dark. (Prepared by J. Gmeiner, University of Bayreuth, 1992.) Compare the coloured plate in the Appendix.

A special situation appeared in the case of DBDI when the -[EG-DBDI] segments displayed an exceptional tendency to crystallize and to self associate. The respective homopolymer EG-DBDI presented hard self interactions characterized by a high endotherm temperature maximum at 287°C (Fig. 3.11 g). This maximum can be found again also in the PUd pea. at 284°C (Fig. 3.11 e). 

Increasing the HS percentage led systematically to an increase in the input strain energy elongation [185]. The materials based on DBDI hard segments displayed... 

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