Secondary oxygen balance

Table 1.2 Oxygen balance of some primary, secondary and tertiary explosives.

It was also established that primary plosophores are responsible for high power and brisance of expls and these are at the maximum in compds whose oxygen balance to C0a (see under Available Oxygen) is favorable (close to zero). The relationship betw power and oxygen balance vanishes when one considers secondary plosphores and further, with few exceptions, secondary... 

Because of the unfavourable oxygen balance, it is necessary to secondary oxidise (e.g. with Hopcalite) to avoid excess CO formation. Despite favourable raw materials costs, the unfavourable storage stability, see below, must be noted here. 

In addition to formulations of secondary explosives (see Tab. 1.2), metallized mixtures are sometimes used as well. Metals such as beryllium, magnesium or aluminum which are air resistant, but at the same time easily oxidized in very exothermic reactions are suitable. In practice, aluminum is used almost exclusively. Since most formulations possess a negative oxygen balance, the aluminum does not contribute to raising the heat of detonation in atmospheric explosions a lot, but it... 

Table 4.1 shows a summary of the oxygen balances of important secondary explosives. 

DFOX, which is a new secondary explosive by its own and possesses a positive oxygen balance (Qco = +52 %, QCq2 = +41 %) is unique in so far that, when aluminized, not only do the heat of detonation (Qex) and the detonation temperature... 

Since C4 is an underoxidized explosive, the first candidate energetic materials considered are oxygen balanced or oxygen rich, nitroguanidine (NQ), and nitroglycerin (NG). Interestingly, lower fireball gas temperatures are predicted. This is because excess oxygen is entrained in the fireball which dilutes the secondary combustion. 

When the applied current exceeds the limiting one (i > i im), secondary reactions (such as oxygen evolution) commence resulting in a decrease in the ICE. In this case, the COD mass balances on the anodic compartment of the electrochemical cell E and the reservoir R2 (Fig. 1.5) can be expressed as... 

Description The gas feedstock is compressed (if required), desulfurized (1) and sent to a saturator (2) where process steam is generated. All process condensate is reused in the saturator resulting in a lower water requirement. The mixture of natural gas and steam is preheated and sent to the primary reformer (3). Exit gas from the primary reformer goes directly to an oxygen-blown secondary reformer (4). The oxygen amount and the balance between primary and secondary reformer are adjusted so that an almost stoichiometric synthesis gas with a low inert content is obtained. The primary reformer is relatively small and the reforming section operates at about 35 kg/cm2g. 

A very different situation was represented by the behavior of adsorbed vinyl acetate (13). The maximum quantity of this substrate which could be adsorbed at room temperature (1.28 mmole/gm), is considerably greater than for the other olefins and for oxygen. However, it turns out that most of this material could be recovered by desorption over the temperature range 100-200°C (see Figure 3). While complete mass balance could not be achieved, the only other products isolated on heating to as high as 340°C were acetaldehyde and acetic acid. Control experiments verified that these were not produced by secondary reaction of vinyl acetate at... 

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