Secondary deviation

Lemert was very much aware that the transition from primary to secondary deviation was a complicated process. Why the societal reaction occurs and what form it takes are dependent on factors such as the amount and visibility of the deviance, while the effect of the reaction is dependent on numerous contingencies and is itself only one contingency in the development of a... 

Some of these stages have no exact parallels in the Mods and Rockers case, but a condensed version of this sequence (Warning to cover phases 1 and 2 then Impact then Inventory and Reaction to cover phases 5, 6 and 7) provides a useful analogue. If one compares this to deviancy models such as amplification, there are obvious and crucial differences. For disasters, the sequence has been empirically established in the various attempts to conceptualize the reactions to deviance this is by no means the case. In addition, the transitions within the amplification model or from primary to secondary deviation are supposed to be consequential (i.e. causal) and not merely sequential. In disaster research, moreover, it has been shown how the form each phase takes is affected by the characteristics of the previous stage thus, the scale of the remedy operation is affected by the degree of identification with the victim. This sort of uniformity has not been shown in deviance. 

Deviations from the Avrami equation are frequently encountered in the long time limit of the data. This is generally attributed to secondary nucleation occurring at irregularities on the surface of crystals formed earlier. 

At the other end of the reaction, deviations from idealized rate laws are attributed to secondary reactions such as degradations of acids, alcohols, and amines through decarboxylation, dehydration, and deamination, respectively. The step-growth polymers which have been most widely studied are simple... 

Schemes to control the outlet temperature of a process furnace by adjusting the fuel gas flow are shown in Figure 13. In the scheme without cascade control (Fig. 13a), if a disturbance has occurred in the fuel gas supply pressure, a disturbance occurs in the fuel gas flow rate, hence, in the energy transferred to the process fluid and eventually to the process fluid furnace outlet temperature. At that point, the outlet temperature controller senses the deviation from setpoint and adjusts the valve in the fuel gas line. In the meantime, other disturbances may have occurred in the fuel gas pressure, etc. In the cascade control strategy (Fig. 13b), when the fuel gas pressure is disturbed, it causes the fuel gas flow rate to be disturbed. The secondary controller, ie, the fuel gas flow controller, immediately senses the deviation and adjusts the valve in the fuel gas line to maintain the set fuel gas rate. If the fuel gas flow controller is well tuned, the furnace outlet temperature experiences only a small disturbance owing to a fuel gas supply pressure disturbance.

These Br nsted-type plots often seem to be scatter diagrams until the points are collated into groups related by specific structural features. Thus, p-nitrophenyl acetate gives four separate, but parallel, lines for reactions with pyridines, anilines, imidazoles, and oxygen nucleophiles.Figure 7-4 shows such a plot for the reaction of trans-cmmm c anhydride with primary and secondary aliphatic amines to give substituted cinnamamides.All of the primary amines without substituents on the a carbon (R-CHi-NHi) fall on a line of slope 0.62 cyclopentylamine also lies on this line. If this line is characteristic of normal behavior, most of the deviations become qualitatively explicable. The line drawn through the secondary amines (slope 1.98) connects amines with the structure R-CHi-NH-CHi-R. The different steric requirements in the acylation reaction and in the model process... 

Let us now assume that these matters have been attended to properly. At this stage we can but assume that the reaction orders were correctly identified and correct mathematical procedures followed. During the course of the work, the investigator should make the occasional quick calculation to show the values are roughly correct. (Does the rate constant yield the correct half-time ) Also, one should examine the experimental data fits to see that the data really do conform to the selected rate equation. Deviations signal an incorrect rate law or complications, such as secondary reactions. 

Five primary alcohols give an average of 3.56 v. e. for C 0, with a maximum deviation of 0.10 v. e., and six ethers give 3.55 v. e., with a maximum deviation of 0.07 v. e. Secondary and tertiary alcohols seem to be 0.3-0.5 v. e. more stable than corresponds to this C 0 value. In view of the agreement between ethers and primary alcohols, we select C.O = 3.55 v. e. 

The longer the chain of unbranched carbenium ions is, the more the calculated values deviate from those found experimentally in the direction of higher stability. However, the expected order of ion stability (primary < secondary < tertiary) remains intact. For cations, which are able to delocalize the positive charge due to conjugation in phenyl rings, the calculated stability is too small. The example of the acetyl cation shows that the reliability of the MINDO/3 method decreases, if charged species, especially those containing hetero atoms with free electron pairs, are calculated. 

Flow irregularities at gap angles of 30° were observed in viscoelastic liquids [94]. It has been indicated in theoretical treatments that the possibility of secondary flows [96,97] in rotational devices is to be expected if the gap angle is much greater than 5°. For viscoelastic fluids deviations from laminar flow have only been reported in cone-and-plate geometries with gap angles above 10°. 

The Z-score is a similar measure that is corrected for age and sex of the patient. The Z-score is defined as the number of standard deviations from the mean bone mineral density of age- and sex-matched controls. In premenopausal women, men under age 50, and patients who may have secondary causes for low bone mineral density, Z-scores may be more clinically relevant in evaluating bone mineral density. 

The deviations of chemical shifts from random coil values, especially for 13C , and H , provide a valuable probe of secondary struc-... 

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