Second method

The analysis of a plenty of references shows applicability for creating tomographs of a method of slice by slice scatming and method of the simultaneous collecting of data by cone beam. The second method has many advantages. 

The second method applies eddy-current probes in a new measurement method. The principle circuit of this method is presented in fig. 2. 

The second method to calculate the scattered intensity or R the Rayleigh ratio) is to square the sum in I... 

The second method for representing a molecule in 3D space is to use internal coordinates such as bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles. Internal coordinates describe the spatial arrangement of the atoms relative to each other. Figure 2-91 illustratc.s thi.s for 1,2-dichlorocthanc. 

To display properties on molecular surfaces, two different approaches are applied. One method assigns color codes to each grid point of the surface. The grid points are connected to lines chicken-wire) or to surfaces (solid sphere) and then the color values are interpolated onto a color gradient [200]. The second method projects colored textures onto the surface [202, 203] and is mostly used to display such properties as electrostatic potentials, polarizability, hydrophobidty, and spin density. 

Liquids are occasionally purified by removing impurities as constant-boiling mixtures, or by shaking with concentrated sulphuric acid and subsequently separating the dried liquid from the acid the second method is therefore limited to liquids which are insoluble in, and chemically unaffected by, the strong acid e.g., benzene, anhydrous chloral). 

A second method is to use a perturbation theory expansion. This is formulated as a sum-over-states algorithm (SOS). This can be done for correlated wave functions and has only a modest CPU time requirement. The random-phase approximation is a time-dependent extension of this method. 

If it is known that a drug must bind to a particular spot on a particular protein or nucleotide, then a drug can be tailor-made to bind at that site. This is often modeled computationally using any of several different techniques. Traditionally, the primary way of determining what compounds would be tested computationally was provided by the researcher s understanding of molecular interactions. A second method is the brute force testing of large numbers of compounds from a database of available structures. 

Internal nitroalkenes can be reduced to the corresponding ketox-imes by SnCla. The second method is a modification of the first, also allowing terminal nitroalkenes (such as nitrostyrenes) to be reduced to aldoximes. The oximes, in turn, can either be reduced to the corresponding amines, or cleaved to form the carbonyl compound. 

Thus a second method was envisaged, the reaction of a nitrile, hydrogen selenide, and an a-halogenated ketone in the presence of a condensation catalyst, which can be POCl, or POCI3 with a Lewis acid such as PCI3 or anhydrous ZnCl. The use of fresh AICI3 leads to the formation of tarry side-products. 

The measurement of pK for bases as weak as thiazoles can be undertaken in two ways by potentiometric titration and by absorption spectrophotometry. In the cases of thiazoles, the second method has been used (140, 148-150). A certain number of anomalies in the results obtained by potentiometry in aqueous medium using Henderson s classical equation directly have led to the development of an indirect method of treatment of the experimental results, while keeping the Henderson equation (144). 

A second method for naming epoxides in the lUPAC system IS described in Section 16 1... 

In the second method of homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant itself is generated by a chemical reaction. For example, Ba + can be homogeneously precipitated as BaS04 by hydrolyzing sulphamic acid to produce S04 . 

There are two ways in which the sensitivity can be increased. The first, and most obvious, is to decrease the concentration of the titrant, since it is inversely proportional to the sensitivity, k. The second method, which only applies if the analyte is multiprotic, is to titrate to a later equivalence point. When H2SO3 is titrated to the second equivalence point, for instance, equation 9.10 becomes... 

Equations (7.40) and (7.41) suggest a second method, in addition to the copolymer composition equation, for the experimental determination of reactivity ratios. If the average sequence length can be determined for a feedstock of known composition, then rj and r2 can be evaluated. We shall return to this possibility in the next section. In anticipation of applying this idea, let us review the assumptions and limitation to which Eqs. (7.40) and (7.41) are subject ... 

The ratio of reactants had to be controlled very closely to suppress these impurities. Recovery of the acrylamide product from the acid process was the most expensive and difficult part of the process. Large scale production depended on two different methods. If soHd crystalline monomer was desired, the acrylamide sulfate was neutralized with ammonia to yield ammonium sulfate. The acrylamide crystallized on cooling, leaving ammonium sulfate, which had to be disposed of in some way. The second method of purification involved ion exclusion (68), which utilized a sulfonic acid ion-exchange resin and produced a dilute solution of acrylamide in water. A dilute sulfuric acid waste stream was again produced, and, in either case, the waste stream represented a... 

Before polyacrylamides are sold, the amount of residual acrylamide is determined. In one method, the monomer is extracted from the polymer and the acrylamide content is determined by hplc (153). A second method is based on analysis by cationic exchange chromatography (154). For dry products the particle si2e distribution can be quickly determined by use of a shaker and a series of test sieves. Batches with small particles can present a dust ha2ard. The percentage of insoluble material is determined in both dry and emulsion products. 

There are two methods available for aroma recovery. In one method, a portion of the water is stripped from the juice prior to concentration and fractionally distilled to recover a concentrated aqueous essence solution. Apple juice requires 10% water removal, peach 40%, and Concord grape 25—30% to remove volatile flavor as an essence. Fractional distillation affords an aqueous essence flavor solution of 100—200-fold strength, which means the essence is 100 to 200 times more concentrated in flavor than the starting juice. A second method of essence recovery is to condensate the volatiles from the last effect of the evaporator they are enriched in volatile flavor components (18). 

The second method of preparation involves precipitation from a cold acidic solution of mercurous nitrate. Mercurous chloride is isolated after washing in a manner similar to the chamber method described. This product, which generally contains small amounts of occluded sodium nitrate, is satisfactory as a technical-grade material. Difficulty may be encountered in having it pass NF or reagent-grade specifications (see Fine chemicals). 

For the preparation of mixtures of mercurous and mercuric chlorides used to control turf-fungus diseases, the precipitated product of the second method may be mixed with the required amount of mercuric chloride. Alternatively, the chamber material, if the ratios of mercurous and mercuric chloride are correct, may be used directiy. 

Ma.nufa.cture. Nickel carbonyl can be prepared by the direct combination of carbon monoxide and metallic nickel (77). The presence of sulfur, the surface area, and the surface activity of the nickel affect the formation of nickel carbonyl (78). The thermodynamics of formation and reaction are documented (79). Two commercial processes are used for large-scale production (80). An atmospheric method, whereby carbon monoxide is passed over nickel sulfide and freshly reduced nickel metal, is used in the United Kingdom to produce pure nickel carbonyl (81). The second method, used in Canada, involves high pressure CO in the formation of iron and nickel carbonyls the two are separated by distillation (81). Very high pressure CO is required for the formation of cobalt carbonyl and a method has been described where the mixed carbonyls are scmbbed with ammonia or an amine and the cobalt is extracted as the ammine carbonyl (82). A discontinued commercial process in the United States involved the reaction of carbon monoxide with nickel sulfate solution. 

In the second method to produce ADN, known as electrohydrodimerization, two moles of acrylonitrile [107-13-1] are combined and hydrogenated in an electrochemical cell where the two half-cells are separated by a membrane. 

These association reactions can be controlled. Acetone or acetonylacetone added to the solution of the polymeric electron acceptor prevents insolubilization, which takes place immediately upon the removal of the ketone. A second method of insolubiUzation control consists of blocking the carboxyl groups with inorganic cations, ie, the formation of the sodium or ammonium salt of poly(acryhc acid). Mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) solutions with solutions of such salts can be precipitated by acidification. 

In the second method, the pump and the motor are coupled direcdy, and either power (in kilowatts) or the current, I, and voltage, U, ate measured at the motor terminals. To determine the power actually transmitted into a pump, the motor power factor (PF) and efficiency (Eff ) must be known. These values ate usually taken from the motor manufacturer s caUbration curves (17). 

A second method grows siUcon ribbons or sheets dkecfly, bypassing the ingot stage. The sheets ate cut into ceU-size pieces that ate processed to make cells. This manufacturing approach consumes less siUcon than ingot-based technologies. 

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