Seasonal cruises

The first cmises were limited to sea areas between the Fehmarnbelt and the island of Bornholm until the summer of 1953. Later, some expeditions as forerunners of the seasonal cruises were extended to the Gotland Sea beginning in May 1955 and to the Gulf of Finland beginning in November 1955. The transition area between the North Sea and the Baltic was included in March 1959 by measurements with r/v Joh. L. Kruger in the Kattegat and the Skagerrak. 

The forerunners of the later standardized seasonal cniises started in May 1955 with synchronous measurements by the r/v Joh. L. Kruger and the r/v Magnetologe between the Fehmarnbelt and the Bornholm Basin. Finally, the programme of seasonal cruises had started in August 1957. It included about 50 fixed stations and comprised the combination of longitudinal and transversal sections between the Fehmarnbelt and the Bornholm Basin. More diurnal anchor stations each in the Fehmarnbelt and in the southern entrance of the Sound were included for investigations on temporal variabilities. The parameters measured were temperature, salinity, and oxygen at fixed depths. At some stations, current measurements were carried out from the anchored ship (cf. Section 3.2.1). 

First international agreements on the programme of seasonal cruises and commitments on the data exchange took place at a meeting of heads of the hydrographic services of the GDR, Poland, and the Soviet Union in July 1956. The agreements were realized only in a very... 

The programme of seasonal cruises was continued without major changes after the transformation of the IfM from the SHD to the DAW in 1960. At that time, the majority of data were used by the institute and by the GDR fisheries and were not transferred to international data centers. Only the data from the internationally agreed Ystad section were regularly transmitted to the Service Hydrographique of ICES. The data are included in the Digital Supplement (cf. Chapter 20). 

Due to the great success of the IBY, the Baltic oceanographers recommended at the conference in Helsinki in 1970 the voluntary continuation of the IBY programme for the subsequent years. The GDR followed this recommendation. In combination with the national monitoring programme covering the Baltic Sea between Fehmarnbelt and Bornholm Basin, the IfM Warnemunde expanded its seasonal cruises to the Gotland Deep... 

Cottus cognatus), deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni)], and lake trout. Lower food web components were collected from 11 locations in the lake on seven different cruises, including all seasons over a 2 year period. The fish were collected from three sites over the same 2 year period. The concentrations of PCBs in each of these food web components are shown in Fig. 14. The data are lipid-normalized to allow for better comparison across trophic levels. Note that concentrations increase with increasing trophic level, even when normalized to lipids. These data demonstrate that PCBs biomagnify in Great Lakes food webs, and are the most comprehensive and self-consistent data in the world for PCBs in a food web of a large aquatic system. 

Figure 2b is a compilation of all the data obtained on cruises showing mean values and ranges of DMS concentration plotted on a logarithmic scale. The mean values for winter and summer are 0.1 and 9.4 nmol DMS (S) l1 respectively, a seasonal difference of two orders of magnitude. As yet, the data set for DMSP is not as comprehensive as for DMS, out as the former is the precursor of the latter, a similar seasonal pattern might be expected. For... 

Figure 2. Seasonal variation of DMS in surface water (approx. 3m depth) (a) log DMS concentration at the East Anglian sampling station for 1983 - 0 and — — 1984. (b) compilation of data from aff cruises showing the log values for mean DMS concentrations, ranges of DMS concentration and duration of each cruise.

In this work we compare some of the major results from two field expeditions to the Southern Ocean region. The first expedition was a ship cruise between Punta Arenas/Chile and the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, which was conducted during the austral fall season (March 20 - April 28, 1986) as part of the United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP). Details of the ship cruise and a complete discussion of the results have been published elsewhere (12). The second expedition consisted of a series of flight measurements off the west and south coast of Tasmania during the austral summer season (December 3-18, 1986). We discuss preliminary results from 2 of 8 flights which were conducted in marine air masses behind cold fronts moving over the open ocean. 

Fig. 1 (a) Station locations occupied for dimethyl sulphide studies in the central and north Indian Ocean. Symbol index indicates cruise number, season and number of stations, (b) Station locations off Candolim, Goa... 

Figure 17. 2 Schematic representation of the seasonal variations in physical forces, discharges, and suspended sediment inventory on the Amazon shelf (from Nittrouer and DeMaster 1996, and Kineke et. al. 1996). The suspended sediment inventories include the fluid mud layers, which can comprise more the 90% of the suspended material on the shelf. The timing of the 4 AmasSeds cruises are shown at the bottom of the figure. In the upper figure NBC refers to the North Brazilian Coastal Current,...

Our data set definitely shows high variability for any simple relationship between local wind speed and sea-salt aerosol concentration. This occurrence may only reflect unique meteorological conditions during one summer season because frequency plots of our wind-speed data show values outside the ranges of the expected seasonal averages prevailing in this region of the South Atlantic (21). The data set was also filtered (Table II, Case XII) to exclude samples collected at wind speeds less than 8 m/s. This trial exercise results in an increase in the slope when compared to Case I, but the correlation coefficient is unexpectedly lower. However, this manipulation does not represent true winter conditions because the temperature difference between the sea and the air would be different in the winter than it was for our February cruise. 

Itineraries run from seven to 14 nights they vary according to season, and some routes may occur only once a year, so make your plans early. Your vessel choices are seemingly endless, from big ships like the Queen Mary 2 to 100-passenger yachts like the SeaDream I and SeaDream II. The former tend to stick with the better-known islands — Barbados, Aruba and Antigua — while the latter balance the voyage between big ports and others you may not have heard of, like Bequia and Mayreau Island. Some of the smaller cruise lines bobbing about the southern harbors cater to special interests they may focus on culinary activities while at sea or eco-... 

H Costa Cruises 800-A62-6782 costa cruise.com This Italian line lures in first-timers and lively seasoned cruisers alike with dance lessons, trivia contests, cooking demonstrations and kids programs. 

Since 1969-1970, the institute in Wamemiinde has formulated annual assessments of the Baltic Sea state on the basis of these regular seasonal monitoring cruises and related observational data. The corresponding studies are written in German and published in reports hardly accessible for the general public. Only the latest versions are available online, see... 

Phytoplankon succession.pdf contains numerous figures of the seasonal succession of phytoplankton biomass (wet weight) in the particular years 1999-2005 for the different stations. Within the columns, the main taxonomic groups, the autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum - Myrioner ta rubra) and Others are specified. Samples were taken on low monitoring cruises and project cruises from 0-10 m depth (integrated samples) and analyzed as explained in Chapter 15.1.1. 

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