Scripts evolution

Actual ownership of the PBMs varies. Some companies are privately held corporations (e.g., National Prescription Administrators). Some are publicly traded (e.g., Express Scripts). Some are now or have been owned by managed care organizations (e.g., PacifiCare s ownership of Prescription Solutions or Prudential s ownership of Integrated Pharmacy Solutions). They have also been owned by retail pharmacy chains, as in the case of Rite Aid s ownership of PCS prior to its evolution into Advance PCS. Pharmaceutical manufacturers have purchased PBMs (e.g., Merck owns Medco and Lilly at one time owned PCS). 

Temporal XML Schema (Currim et al. 2009) - also referred to as xXSchema -is a way to formalize the temporal nature of schema and document versioning. The framework is assembled by the same research group that helped develop the temporal extensions to SQL. In all other frameworks discussed to date, the relationship between versions of schemas and documents are informal if they exist at all two versions of the same schema version are considered to be two separate schemas, related to each other only by whatever point-in-time script was used to perform the migration. xXSchcma makes evolution over time a first-class concept, modeling different versions of the same conventional XML schema in the same document. 

In the last line the helper function print output (given below, but in the actual python script it needs to be defined before it is called) is called with the descriptor values and the final coverages. The variable theta is a (txc) matrix with the coverages c for each time step t. Usually, we are only interested in the last row, conveniently accessed by using —1 as index, but the time evolution is available as well for transient studies or verification that steady-state has been ... 

Writing Systems A Case Study in Cultural Evolution. In The First Writing Script Invention as History and Process, edited by S. Houston, 39-69. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

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